2017年推荐免试攻读研究生申请指南

　　教育部公布2018考研违规处理政策 　　根据中国研究生招生信息网发布的《2018年全国硕士研究生招生工作管理规定》获悉，2018年考研违规处理政策如下： 第十三章 违规处理 第八十二条 对在研究生招生考试中有违反考试管理规定和考场纪律，影响考试公平、公正行为的考生、考试工作人员及其他相关人员，一律按《国家教育考试违规处理办法》（教育部令第33号）严肃处理。对在校生，由其所在学校按有关规定给予处分，直至开除学籍；对在职考生，应通知考生所在单位，由考生所在单位视情节给予党纪或政纪处分；对考试工作人员，由教育考试机构或其所在单位视情节给予相应的行政处分；构成违法的，由司法机关依法追究法律责任，其中构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。 第八十三条 相关单位应将考生在硕士研究生招生考试中的违规或作弊事实记入《国家教育考试考生诚信档案》，并将考生的有关情况通报其所在学校或单位，记入考生人事档案，作为其今后升学和就业的重要参考依据。 第八十四条 对在招生工作中有违反国家有关法律法规和招生管理规定行为的招生单位、招生考试机构、主管教育行政部门及其招生工作人员，一律按《普通高等学校招生违规行为处理暂行办法》（教育部令第36号）严肃处理，并追究直接责任人员的责任，造成严重后果和恶劣影响的，还将按规定对有关责任人实行问责。 第八十五条 严禁招生单位内部任何部门和工作人员举办或参与举办考试招生辅导活动，严禁招生单位向社会培训机构提供考试招生辅导活动场所和设施，严禁招生单位委托社会培训机构进行考试招生辅导培训、招生宣传和组织活动，违反规定的要追究有关部门和相关人员责任。 第八十六条 招生单位要严格执行国家收费政策，禁止在研究生招生过程中乱收费，违反规定的要追究有关部门和相关人员责任。 第八十七条 考生认为所报考招生单位的招生录取行为有违反本规定或其他相关规定的，可向报考招生单位提出异议、申诉或举报。招生单位应当进行调查、处理，属于对政策执行存在异议的，应当及时书面或口头答复申诉人；属于对违规违纪行为举报的，应当组织纪检监察等机构进行调查，并按《信访条例》等有关规定作出书面答复。 考生对招生单位作出的书面答复不服的，可向招生单位所在地省级教育行政部门或省级教育招生考试机构申请复查。对复查结论不服的，可按相关规定向省级教育行政部门或省级教育招生考试机构的上一级机关提出复核。[详情]

　　2017考研初试各校艺术学真题汇总 　　 [详情]

　　2017年考研初试西医真题解析 　　2017考研已经结束，新东方在线全国研究生入学考试研究中心第一时间进行真题解析，方便各位考生及时了解真题相关动态。今天讲一下真题的问题。真题是这样的，因为刚刚考完两三个小时，老师只拿到了一部分回忆的真题。这部分回忆的真题题目比较支离破碎，老师把比较清晰的题目分享一下，看考了什么、怎么考的。咱们主要侧重于老师比较擅长的方面进行一个分析。 首先外科部分也是大头部分，主要考了几个考点： （1）包括骨折专有体征，一定要注意骨折专有体征，局部疼痛、局部红肿是一般体征。专有体征是异常活动、畸形、骨擦感。我们平时考试也是出这样的多选。 （2）另外是很容易掉在坑里的直肠癌手术方式选择，最后三小时也说了主要考点在手术方式，基本上考60%、70%都是考查手术方式。但是在考试中题目略微增加了一个难度，是距齿状线五公分要做联合。今年考试是距肛门、肛缘七公分。我们经常临床要摸到底几公分，位置决定手术方式，这是一个原则。一定注意齿状线距肛门还有1.5到2公分距离。所以考试前、精讲班都说过，这个七厘米相当于齿状线距离肿瘤5厘米。 （3）另外一个叫胃肠道间质瘤，我讲过，因为老师在北医上学的时候某个医院某个科室专门做胃肠道间质瘤，北医考试非常容易考。胃肠道间质瘤主要特点是什么呢？黏膜下的肿物，少数病人以消化道大出血为主要原因；CD34和CD117是阳性的；疾病治疗有特别的靶向治疗，伊马替尼靶向治疗。良恶不定。镜下看到的细胞分裂象大于50还是小于50；肿瘤直径大于5公分还是小于5公分；胃发生的更偏良性。 （4）还有一个北医特别容易考的延迟性脾破裂，有两年都考的这个。 胃肠道间质瘤主要特点是什么呢？黏膜下的肿物，少数病人以消化道大出血为主要原因；CD34和CD117是阳性的；疾病治疗有特别的靶向治疗，伊马替尼靶向治疗。良恶不定。镜下看到的细胞分裂象大于50还是小于50；肿瘤直径大于5公分还是小于5公分；胃发生的更偏良性。 （5）所有的骨肿瘤，骨的感染，这些基本上在骨骺生长部位，膝关节上下。 （6）另外同学们争议最多的，有一道进食枣以后出现腹痛，题目中大家都在提供信息，没有说呕吐，说了停止排气排便，这样的病人我第一感觉是前一段时间收治三个这样病人，胃石症，吃枣、吃柿子容易出现这样的胃石。刚开始在胃里，有的小于4公分的经幽门排到肠道，小于2.5公分的才可以排出去。这道题目不完整，病人吃了东西以后，尤其吃了枣以后，病人不排气不排便首先考虑肠梗阻，比较常见。最不容易通过的部位是回盲瓣。最严重的并发症是穿孔。现在症状像什么疾病，这个现在的症状像低位肠梗阻。 拿到真正的题目老师一定会给大家建议。这个题目我刚才所说的纯临床型题目。在咱们讲肠梗阻的时候讲过吃了枣、吃了柿子容易出现胃石症。没有提过。但是临床中，这个季节很多人吃这个，我记得我们主任给我们讲，以前生活条件比较差，好多村里老百姓冬天饿了，或者什么时候就吃个柿子充饥，尤其枣和柿子一块吃很容易出问题。这个是纯临床型题目，考你肠梗阻，但是这是一个真实病例。所以给大家的难度提升了。知识点是书上有的。这是以后要注意的一个地方。这类题目同学们都很纠结，说明它难。 （7）再往后考了破伤风，这都是比较常见的考点。 （8）另外考了普外腹腔间隔室综合症。 （9）另外考了嵌顿疝，什么疝最容易嵌顿，就是股疝。 （10）腹部损伤考了最经典的腹部损伤，肝脾破裂。脾破裂最容易考，然后就是肝破裂。冲刺班的时候就讲肝脾破裂，临床中70%、80%腹部损伤都是肝脾破裂。这个既有腹腔出血的表现又有腹膜刺激症。 （11）另外还有像肩周炎的治疗，粘连性肩关节囊炎。最特殊的治疗就是不要制动，主动每日进行锻炼，6到24个月自愈了。有一个三角巾悬吊是不可以选的。理疗、关节镜子手术都可以用。 这样的题目比较常规，是多选题。如果学习得不全面，很容易选错的，选不全。这个是失分的主要原因。 （12）其他的比较冷的考点考髋关节结核。说一下，讲结核的时候主要讲了脊椎结核多一些，髋关节结核在精讲班是讲的。所以这个相对来说稍微有一点冷。实际上说了不少题了，很多道题了。这些大概是外科部分同学们反应出来考了这么多个考点。 除了（个人看起来）髋关节结核相对比较冷一点之外，其他的像骨折体征，直肠癌手术方式、破伤风的治疗、腹腔间隔室综合症，应该是急性胰腺炎，最后三小时说了，每年押肝胆外科的时候都说这两个必须会，这个是肝胆外科最常见的两个问题了。再往下肝脾破裂。一个比较冷的是胃肠道间质瘤。题目出得比较好，有一定鉴别能力，毕竟是选拔性考试。但是总体来说命题还是比较规范的。没有出现特别偏怪难的问题。 还有一个是今年人文部分，简单说一下： （1）人文中第一个考了最后冲刺的时候一直说的医患关系本质是什么，虽然四个字，但是很关键，因为考职业医考了很多年，是信任的关系，契约的关系。把生命健康托付给你，叫先有信后有托，叫做信任的平等关系基础上叫做信托关系。 （2）孕产妇出现难产，患者家属拒绝签字这时候先保证什么？叫医疗干预权，保证患者生命健康在第一位。 （3）艾滋病病人和你交流，到底应该怎么去做。首先为患者保密，另外你有义务进行上报。所以与患者沟通、或者说知情同意以后再上报，是临床中正常的处理流程。临床中碰到传染病病人一般都是这样处理的。 所以总体来说人文沟通目前拿到的这几道题目相对比较常规。没有出现一个特别特别难的情况。 此外病理就不给大家说了。病理应该相对来说难度比较正常的。没有出现特别特别难的题，没见过、没讲过。目前没有听到这样的问题。 从这个老师目前拿到的这部分真题来看，老师给大家简单说一下命题的方式、命题的难度。后面我们将会在新东方在线官网上第一时间把真题详细版给大家提供。另外我会在微博上进行讨论。老师微博是西医综合徐琦，希望大家关注。真题分析完以后，对于2018届同学需要注意复习的问题，是这样的：考试改革今年第一年，也算不小的改革了，从初试到复试都进行了改革。以后应该怎么复习呢？ 第一是以课本作为主要的复习载体，知识需要理解。尤其今年内外科提高了，包括医学人文精神以理解为基础的题目的比例。不理解这个疾病，一系列题，尤其病例题增加的情况下，没有解题思路选不出来的，死记硬背题做不出来分，所以要理解。理解基础上尽量把书上的内容记得越多越好。有同学说老师你说得简单，多选题就是典型代表，谁记得越清楚、越全面拿到分数概率越高。单选题靠记忆，多选题考察记忆全面性，一定要学懂。学懂基础上再强化记忆。千万不要死记硬背。这样的情况下目前考试形式下行不通的。 第二是是配合课程，因为课程中老师会给大家解释，包括老师刚才说的同学们讨论最多的肠梗阻的题。我会告诉你一些比较新的信息。吃柿子、吃枣，具体多大厘米可能掉下去，在哪里卡住，临床中有这样的说法。书上有时候不会提。对于老师来说老师会告诉你这个病人是这样的问题，我们见到过这样的事。 虽然看起来很随便，但是提供了真正的临床感觉。这样可能会帮助你。 这个可以适当配合课程进行学习。我相信同学们在听课过程当中会受益。 第三是早动手，现在复习的量越来越大了。包括增加了一门医学人文精神，曾经的小三科，生理、生化、病理考试比例压缩了12%，但是大纲内容增加了。大纲中基本没有删东西，还新增了。复习的东西多了但是考试分数少了，这样难度还是增加了。内容越来越多，怎么去应对呢？只能早点复习，尽量全面复习吧。早点动手比晚点强，大家都懂的，尤其笨鸟要先飞。 第四是一定要客观的对待一些信息，那就是对于制订复习计划，制订一些复习策略，一定要根据自己学习特点制订。千万不要人云亦云，被水军左右。根据自己的学习的特点，客观的参考一些真正的经验帖，而不是水帖。去制订自己的复习计划。不要在刚开始制订学习计划、选用复习资料的时候犯了原则性错误。这样越走越偏，几个月以后根本掰不过来。要客观看待一些文章、经验。这个给大家再嘱咐一下。[详情]

　　2017年考研初试心理学专业真题 　　 [详情]

　　2017年考研初试历史学基础考试真题 　　 [详情]

　　2017考研初试教育学专业真题 　　 [详情]

　　法律硕士（非法学）专业基础课真题及答案 　　          [详情]

　　2017考研初试数学三真题答案解析 　　 [详情]

　　2017年考研初试数学二答案解析 　　 [详情]

　　2017年考研初试数学真题及参考答案汇总 　　新浪教育讯 2017年考研初试数学试题及参考答案汇总如下： 数学一：真题 参考答案 数学二：真题 参考答案 数学三：真题 参考答案[详情]

　　2017年考研初试英语一二真题及参考答案汇总 　　   新浪教育讯 2017年考研初试英语试题及参考答案汇总如下：    2017考研英语一真题及参考答案：点击查看    2017考研英语二真题及参考答案：点击查看[详情]

　　2017年考研英语二真题及参考答案 　　2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二） Section I  Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) People have speculated for centuries about a future without work .Today is no different, with academics, writers, and activists once again  1  that technology be replacing human workers. Some imagine that the coming work-free world will be defined by  2  . A few wealthy people will own all the capital, and the masses will struggle in an impoverished wasteland. A different and not mutually exclusive  3  holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort, one   4   by purposelessness: Without jobs to give their lives   5  , people will simply become lazy and depressed.   6 , today’s unemployed don’t seem to be having a great time. One Gallup poll found that 20 percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year report having depression, double the rate for   7  Americans. Also, some research suggests that the   8   for rising rates of mortality, mental-health problems, and addicting  9   poorly-educated middle-aged people is shortage of well-paid jobs. Perhaps this is why many   10  the agonizing dullness of a jobless future. But it doesn’t   11  follow from findings like these that a world without work would be filled with unease. Such visions are based on the   12  of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment. In the   13  of work, a society designed with other ends in mind could   14  strikingly different circumstanced for the future of labor and leisure. Today, the   15  of work may be a bit overblown. “Many jobs are boring, degrading, unhealthy, and a waste of human potential,” says John Danaher, a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway. These days, because leisure time is relatively   16  for most workers, people use their free time to counterbalance the intellectual and emotional   17  of their jobs. “When I come home from a hard day’s work, I often feel   18  ,” Danaher says, adding, “In a world in which I don’t have to work, I might feel rather different”—perhaps different enough to throw himself   19  a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usually reserved for   20  matters. 1．[A] boasting          [B] denying          [C] warning          [D] ensuring 【答案】[C] warning 2．[A] inequality       [B] instability      [C] unreliability      [D] uncertainty 【答案】[A] inequality 3．[A] policy          [B]guideline       [C] resolution        [D] prediction 【答案】[D] prediction 4．[A] characterized    [B]divided           [C] balanced         [D]measured 【答案】[A] characterized 5．[A] wisdom           [B] meaning         [C] glory           [D] freedom 【答案】[B] meaning 6．[A] Instead              [B] Indeed           [C] Thus            [D] Nevertheless 【答案】[B] Indeed 7．[A] rich                [B] urban            [C]working          [D] educated 【答案】[C] working 8．[A] explanation           [B] requirement          [C] compensation     [D] substitute 【答案】[A] explanation 9．[A] under              [B] beyond            [C] alongside         [D] among 【答案】[D] among 10．[A] leave behind        [B] make up           [C] worry about        [D] set aside 【答案】[C] worry about 11．[A] statistically           [B] occasionally         [C] necessarily       [D] economically 【答案】[C] necessarily 12．[A] chances           [B] downsides            [C] benefits       [D] principles 【答案】[B] downsides 13．[A] absence             [B] height              [C] face           [D] course 【答案】[A] absence 14．[A] disturb              [B] restore               [C] exclude          [D] yield 【答案】[D] yield 15．[A] model               [B] practice            [C] virtue         [D] hardship 【答案】[C] virtue 16．[A] tricky             [B] lengthy            [C] mysterious        [D] scarce 【答案】[D] scarce 17．[A] demands          [B] standards            [C] qualities          [D] threats 【答案】[A] demands 18．[A] ignored           [B] tired               [C] confused       [D] starved 【答案】[B] tired    19．[A] off               [B] against               [C] behind        [D] into 【答案】[D] into 20．[A] technological       [B] professional          [C] educational       [D] interpersonal 【答案】[B] professional Section II  Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1 Every Saturday morning, at 9 am, more than 50,000 runners set off to run 5km around their local park. The Parkrun phenomenon began with a dozen friends and has inspired 400 events in the UK and more abroad. Events are free, staffed by thousands of volunteers. Runners range from four years old to grandparents; their times range from Andrew Baddeley’s world record 13 minutes 48 seconds up to an hour. Parkrun is succeeding where London’s Olympic “legacy” is failing. Ten years ago on Monday, it was announced that the Games of the 30th Olympiad would be in London. Planning documents pledged that the great legacy of the Games would be to level a nation of sport lovers away from their couches. The population would be fitter, healthier and produce more winners. It has not happened. The number of adults doing weekly sport did rise, by nearly 2 million in the run—up to 2012—but the general population was growing faster. Worse, the numbers are now falling at an accelerating rate. The opposition claims primary school pupils doing at least two hours of sport a week have nearly halved. Obesity has risen among adults and children. Official retrospections continue as to why London 2012 failed to “inspire a generation.” The success of Parkrun offers answers. Parkun is not a race but a time trial: Your only competitor is the clock. The ethos welcomes anybody. There is as much joy over a puffed-out first-timer being clapped over the line as there is about top talent shining. The Olympic bidders, by contrast, wanted to get more people doing sports and to produce more elite athletes. The dual aim was mixed up: The stress on success over taking part was intimidating for newcomers. Indeed, there is something a little absurd in the state getting involved in the planning of such a fundamentally “grassroots”, concept as community sports associations. If there is a role for government, it should really be getting involved in providing common goods—making sure there is space for playing fields and the money to pave tennis and netball courts, and encouraging the provision of all these activities in schools. But successive governments have presided over selling green spaces, squeezing money from local authorities and declining attention on sport in education. Instead of wordy, worthy strategies, future governments need to do more to provide the conditions for sport to thrive. Or at least not make them worse. 21. According to Paragraph1, Parkrun has    . [A] gained great popularity [B] created many jobs [C] strengthened community ties [D] become an official festival 【答案】[A] gained great popularity 22. The author believes that London’s Olympic“legacy” has failed to     . [A] boost population growth [B] promote sport participation [C] improve the city’s image [D] increase sport hours in schools 【答案】[B] promote sport participation 23. Parkrun is different from Olympic games in that it     . [A] aims at discovering talents [B] focuses on mass competition [C] does not emphasize elitism [D] does not attract first-timers 【答案】[C] does not emphasize elitism 24. With regard to mass sport, the author holds that governments should    . [A] organize “grassroots” sports events [B] supervise local sports associations [C] increase funds for sports clubs [D] invest in public sports facilities 【答案】[D] invest in public sports facilities 25. The author’s attitude to what UK governments have done for sports is    . [A] tolerant [B] critical [C] uncertain [D] sympathetic 【答案】[B] critical Text 2 With so much focus on children’s use of screens, it’s easy for parents to forget about their own screen use. “Tech is designed to really suck on you in,” says Jenny Radesky in her study of digital play, “and digital products are there to promote maximal engagement. It makes it hard to disengage, and leads to a lot of bleed-over into the family routine. ” Radesky has studied the use of mobile phones and tablets at mealtimes by giving mother-child pairs a food-testing exercise. She found that mothers who sued devices during the exercise started 20 percent fewer verbal and 39 percent fewer nonverbal interactions with their children. During a separate observation, she saw that phones became a source of tension in the family. Parents would be looking at their emails while the children would be making excited bids for their attention. Infants are wired to look at parents’ faces to try to understand their world, and if those faces are blank and unresponsive—as they often are when absorbed in a device—it can be extremely disconcerting foe the children. Radesky cites the “still face experiment” devised by developmental psychologist Ed Tronick in the 1970s. In it, a mother is asked to interact with her child in a normal way before putting on a blank expression and not giving them any visual social feedback; The child becomes increasingly distressed as she tries to capture her mother’s attention. “Parents don’t have to be exquisitely parents at all times, but there needs to be a balance and parents need to be responsive and sensitive to a child’s verbal or nonverbal expressions of an emotional need,” says Radesky. On the other hand, Tronick himself is concerned that the worries about kids’ use of screens are born out of an “oppressive ideology that demands that parents should always be interacting” with their children: “It’s based on a somewhat fantasized, very white, very upper-middle-class ideology that says if you’re failing to expose your child to 30,000 words you are neglecting them.” Tronick believes that just because a child isn’t learning from the screen doesn’t mean there’s no value to it—particularly if it gives parents time to have a shower, do housework or simply have a break from their child. Parents, he says, can get a lot out of using their devices to speak to a friend or get some work out of the way. This can make them feel happier, which lets then be more available to their child the rest of the time. 26.  According to Jenny Radesky, digital products are designed to ______. [A] simplify routine matters [B] absorb user attention [C] better interpersonal relations [D] increase work efficiency 【答案】[B] absorb user attention 27.    Radesky’s food-testing exercise shows that mothers’ use of devices ______. [A] takes away babies’ appetite [B] distracts children’s attention [C] slows down babies’ verbal development [D] reduces mother-child communication 【答案】[D] reduces mother-child communication 28.  Radesky’s cites the “still face experiment” to show that _______. [A] it is easy for children to get used to blank expressions [B] verbal expressions are unnecessary for emotional exchange [C] children are insensitive to changes in their parents’ mood [D] parents need to respond to children’s emotional needs 【答案】[D] parents need to respond to children’s emotional needs 29.    The oppressive ideology mentioned by Tronick requires parents to_______. [A] protect kids from exposure to wild fantasies [B] teach their kids at least 30,000 words a year [C] ensure constant interaction with their children [D] remain concerned about kid’s use of screens 【答案】[C] ensure constant interaction with their children 30.    According to Tronick, kid’s use of screens may_______. [A] give their parents some free time [B] make their parents more creative [C] help them with their homework [D] help them become more attentive 【答案】[A] give their parents some free time Text 3 Today, widespread social pressure to immediately go to college in conjunction with increasingly high expectations in a fast-moving world often causes students to completely overlook the possibility of taking a gap year. After all, if everyone you know is going to college in the fall, it seems silly to stay back a year, doesn’t it? And after going to school for 12 years, it doesn’t feel natural to spend a year doing something that isn’t academic. But while this may be true, it’s not a good enough reason to condemn gap years. There’s always a constant fear of falling behind everyone else on the socially perpetuated “race to the finish line,” whether that be toward graduate school, medical school or lucrative career. But despite common misconceptions, a gap year does not hinder the success of academic pursuits—in fact, it probably enhances it. Studies from the United States and Australia show that students who take a gap year are generally better prepared for and perform better in college than those who do not. Rather than pulling students back, a gap year pushes them ahead by preparing them for independence, new responsibilities and environmental changes—all things that first-year students often struggle with the most. Gap year experiences can lessen the blow when it comes to adjusting to college and being thrown into a brand new environment, making it easier to focus on academics and activities rather than acclimation blunders. If you’re not convinced of the inherent value in taking a year off to explore interests, then consider its financial impact on future academic choices. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, nearly 80 percent of college students end up changing their majors at least once. This isn’t surprising, considering the basic mandatory high school curriculum leaves students with a poor understanding of themselves listing one major on their college applications, but switching to another after taking college classes. It’s not necessarily a bad thing, but depending on the school, it can be costly to make up credits after switching too late in the game. At Boston College, for example, you would have to complete an extra year were you to switch to the nursing school from another department. Taking a gap year to figure things out initially can help prevent stress and save money later on. 31. One of the reasons for high-school graduates not taking a gap year is that        . [A] they think it academically misleading [B] they have a lot of fun to expect in college [C] it feels strange to do differently from others [D] it seems worthless to take off-campus courses 【答案】[C] it feels strange to do differently from others 32. Studies from the US and Australia imply that taking a gap year helps        . [A] keep students from being unrealistic [B] lower risks in choosing careers [C] ease freshmen’s financial burdens [D] relieve freshmen of pressures 【答案】[D] relieve freshmen of pressures 33. The word “acclimation” (Line 8, Para. 3) is closest in meaning to        . [A] adaptation [B] application [C] motivation [D] competition 【答案】[A] adaptation 34. A gap year may save money for students by helping them        . [A] avoid academic failures [B] establish long-term goals [C] switch to another college [D] decide on the right major 【答案】[D] decide on the right major 35. The most suitable title for this text would be        . [A] In Favor of the Gap Year [B] The ABCs of the Gap Year [C] The Gap Year Comes Back [D] The Gap Year: A Dilemma 【答案】[A] In Favor of the Gap Year Text 4 Though often viewed as a problem for western states, the growing frequency of wildfires is a national concern because of its impact on federal tax dollars, says Professor Max Moritz, a specialist in fire ecology and management. In 2015, the US Forest Service for the first time spent more than half of its $5.5 billion annual budget fighting fires—nearly double the percentage it spent on such efforts 20 years ago. In effect, fewer federal funds today are going towards the agency’s other work—such as forest conservation, watershed and cultural resources management, and infrastructure upkeep—that affect the lives of all Americans. Another nationwide concern is whether public funds from other agencies are going into construction in fire-prone districts. As Moritz puts it, how often are federal dollars building homes that are likely to be lost to a wildfire? “It’s already a huge problem from a public expenditure perspective for the whole country,” he says.” We need to take a magnifying glass to that. Like, “Wait a minute, is this OK?” “Do we want instead to redirect those funds to concentrate on lower-hazard parts of the landscape?” Such a view would require a corresponding shift in the way US society today views fire, researchers say. For one thing, conversations about wildfires need to be more inclusive. Over the past decade, the focus has been on climate change—how the warming of the Earth from greenhouse gases is leading to conditions that worsen fires. While climate is a key element, Moritz says, it shouldn’t come at the expense of the rest of the equation. “The human systems and the landscapes we live on are linked, and the interactions go both ways,” he says. Failing to recognize that, he notes, leads to “an overly simplified view of what the solutions might be. Our perception of the problem and of what the solution is becomes very limited.” At the same time, people continue to treat fire as an event that needs to be wholly controlled and unleashed only out of necessity, says Professor Balch at the University of Colorado. But acknowledging fire’s inevitable presence in human life is an attitude crucial to developing the laws, policies, and practices that make it as safe as possible, she says. “We’ve disconnected ourselves from living with fire,” Balch says. “It is really important to understand and try and tease out what is the human connection with fire today.” 36. More frequent wildfires have become a national concern because in 2015 they       . [A] exhausted unprecedented management efforts [B] consumed a record-high percentage of budget [C] severely damaged the ecology of western states [D] caused a huge rise of infrastructure expenditure 【答案】[B] consumed a record-high percentage of budget 37. Moritz calls for the use of “a magnifying glass” to       . [A] raise more funds for fire-prone areas [B] avoid the redirection of federal money [C] find wildfire-free parts of the landscape [D] guarantee safer spending of public funds 【答案】[D] guarantee safer spending of public funds 38. While admitting that climate is a key element, Moritz notes that       . [A] public debates have not settled yet [B] fire-fighting conditions are improving [C] other factors should not be overlooked [D] a shift in the view of fire has taken place 【答案】[C] other factors should not be overlooked 39. The overly simplified view Moritz mentions is a result of failing to       . [A] discover the fundamental makeup of nature [B] explore the mechanism of the human systems [C] maximize the role of landscape in human life [D] understand the interrelations of man and nature 【答案】[D] understand the interrelations of man and nature 40. Professor Balch points out that fire is something man should       . [A] do away with [B] come to terms with [C] pay a price for [D] keep away from 【答案】[B] come to terms with Part B Directions: Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) The decline in American manufacturing is a common refrain, particularly from Donald Trump. “We don’t make anything anymore,” he told Fox News, while defending his own made-in-Mexico clothing line. Without question, manufacturing has taken a significant hit during recent decades, and further trade deals raise questions about whether new shocks could hit manufacturing. But there is also a different way to look at the data. Across the country, factory owners are now grappling with a new challenge: instead of having too many workers, they may end up with too few. Despite trade competition and outsourcing, American manufacturing still needs to replace tens of thousands of retiring boomers every years. Millennials may not be that interested in taking their place, other industries are recruiting them with similar or better pay. For factory owners, it all adds up to stiff competition for workers—and upward pressure on wages. “They’re harder to find and they have job offers,” says Jay Dunwell, president of Wolverine Coil Spring, a family-owned firm, “They may be coming [into the workforce], but they’ve been plucked by other industries that are also doing an well as manufacturing,” Mr. Dunwell has begun bringing high school juniors to the factory so they can get exposed to its culture. At RoMan Manufacturing, a maker of electrical transformers and welding equipment that his father cofounded in 1980, Robert Roth keep a close eye on the age of his nearly 200 workers, five are retiring this year. Mr. Roth has three community-college students enrolled in a work-placement program, with a starting wage of $13 an hour that rises to $17 after two years. At a worktable inside the transformer plant, young Jason Stenquist looks flustered by the copper coils he’s trying to assemble and the arrival of two visitors. It’s his first week on the job. Asked about his choice of career, he says at high school he considered medical school before switching to electrical engineering. “I love working with tools. I love creating.” he says. But to win over these young workers, manufacturers have to clear another major hurdle: parents, who lived through the worst US economic downturn since the Great Depression, telling them to avoid the factory. Millennials “remember their father and mother both were laid off. They blame it on the manufacturing recession,” says Birgit Klohs, chief executive of The Right Place, a business development agency for western Michigan. These concerns aren’t misplaced: Employment in manufacturing has fallen from 17 million in 1970 to 12 million in 2013. When the recovery began, worker shortages first appeared in the high-skilled trades. Now shortages are appearing at the mid-skill levels. “The gap is between the jobs that take to skills and those that require a lot of skill,” says Rob Spohr, a business professor at Montcalm Community College. “There’re enough people to fill the jobs at McDonalds and other places where you don’t need to have much skill. It’s that gap in between, and that’s where the problem is. ” Julie Parks of Grand Rapids Community points to another key to luring Millennials into manufacturing: a work/life balance. While their parents were content to work long hours, young people value flexibility. “Overtime is not attractive to this generation. They really want to live their lives,” she says. [A] says that he switched to electrical engineering because he loves working with tools. 41. Jay Deuwell    [B] points out that there are enough people to fill the jobs that don’t need much skill. 42. Jason Stenquist    [C] points out that the US doesn’t manufacture anything anymore. 43. Birgit Klohs    [D] believes that it is important to keep a close eye on the age of his workers. 44. Rob Spohr    [E] says that for factory owners, workers are harder to find because of stiff competition. 45.Julie Parks    [F] points out that a work/life balance can attract young people into manufacturing. [G] says that the manufacturing recession is to blame for the lay-off the young people’s parents. 【答案】 41 [E] says that for factory owners, workers are harder to find because of stiff competition.        42 [A] says that he switched to electrical engineering because he loves working with tools.             43 [G] says that the manufacturing recession is to blame for the lay-off the young people’s parents. 44 [B] points out that there are enough people to fill the jobs that don’t need much skill 45 [F] points out that a work/life balance can attract young people into manufacturing Section III  Translation 46.Directions: Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points) My dream has always been to work somewhere in an area between fashion and publishing. Two years before graduating from secondary school, I took a sewing and design course thinking that I would move on to a fashion design course. However, during that course I realized I was not good enough in this area to compete with other creative personalities in the future, so I decided that it was not the right path for me. Before applying for university I told everyone that I would study journalism, because writing was, and still is, one of my favourite activities. But, to be honest, I said it , because I thought that fashion and me together was just a dream—I knew that no one could imagine me in the fashion industry at all! So I decided to look for some fashion-related courses that included writing. This is when I noticed the course “Fashion Media & Promotion.”【参考译文】 我一直梦想着能找到一个结合时尚与出版的工作。中学毕业前两年，我学习了缝纫设计课程，认为自己继而能够学习时尚设计。然而，期间，发现自己在该领域不够优秀，不足以在未来与其他富有创造力的人竞争。因此，得出结论：这条道路不适合我。在申请大学之前，我告诉大家自己会选择新闻专业，因为写作一直都是我最喜欢的事情之一。但是，说实话，当时这样说，是因为我认为时尚于我而言就是个梦想。我知道完全没有人相信我会进入时尚这一行。因此，我决定去寻找一些课程，既与时尚相关、又涉及写作。就在这时，我注意到了《时尚媒体与营销》这门课程。 Section  IV  Writing Part A 47. Directions： Suppose you are invited by Professor Williams to give a presentation about Chinese culture to a group of international students. Write a reply to 1) accept the invitation, and 2) introduce the key points of your presentation You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Don’t use your own name, use “LiMing” instead. Don’t write your address. (10 points) 47、 【参考范文】 Dear Professor Williams, I felt much honored when I received your invitation to give a presentation about Chinese culture to the international students of your college. I would much like to do this job. So I am writing to tell you something about the presentation to be given. The focus of my presentation will be Chinese traditional festivals, such as the Spring Festival and the Mid-autumn Day. In the speech, I will introduce the origin and conventions of these festivals. For example, the Mid-Autumn Day, falling on the 15th of August in the Chinese lunar calendar, is a traditional Chinese holiday for family members and loved ones to gather together. In addition to enjoying the glorious full moon on this day, Chinese people will also eat festival-moon cakes, recite ancient Chinese poems as well as guess lantern riddles. I believe these knowledge will help the foreign students obtain a deeper understanding of Chinese culture. I am really looking forward to sharing these with all of the international students. Yours sincerely, Li Ming Part B 48. Directions： You should write about 150 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. （15 points） 48、 【参考范文】 Reflected in the chart given above are the respective changes in the numbers of museums and their visitors in China from the year 2013 to 2015. It can be clearly seen that the number of museums was on a continuous rise from 6378 to 7811 in the two years, up more than 22%, and so did that of the visitors, with an increase of nearly 13% from 4165 to 4692. What might account for the notable growths? Reasons are many, but the most important one, as far as I am concerned, is that with the boom of Chinese economy in recent years, our government has been placing an increasingly high value on the inheritance of traditional culture, which connects modern people with the historical past, allowing them to acquire a cultural and historical identity. What’s more, more attention is paid to tour Chinese traditional culture since the Chinese have improved living standards. With the development of China, the increasing trend is bound to continue for some time in the future. From my perspective, it is a positive trend and should be encouraged, for it is not only beneficial for the preservation and rejuvenation of our ancestral heritages but also conducive to the cultural diversity of the world.[详情]

　　2017年考研英语一真题及参考答案 　　Section I  Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding “yes!”  1  helping you feel close and   2  to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a  3  of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you  4  getting sick this winter. In a recent study   5   over 400 health adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs  6  the participants’ susceptibility to developing the common cold after being  7  to the virus .People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come    8   with a cold ,and the researchers  9  that the stress-reducing effects of hugging  10   about 32 percent of that beneficial effect.  11  among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe   12  . “Hugging protects people who are under stress from the   13  risk for colds that’s usually  14  with stress,” notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging “is a marker of intimacy and helps   15  the feeling that others are there to help   16  difficulty.” Some experts   17   the stress-reducing , health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called “the bonding hormone”   18   it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain , and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it   19   in the brain, where it   20  mood, behavior and physiology. 1．[A]  Unlike         [B]  Besides          [C]  Despite         [D]  Throughout 【答案】[B]  Besides 2．[A]  connected      [B]  restricted          [C]  equal          [D]  inferior 【答案】[A]  connected 3．[A]  choice         [B]  view               [C]  lesson          [D]  host 【答案】[D]  host 4．[A]     recall        [B]  forget           [C]  avoid         [D]  keep 【答案】[C]  avoid 5．[A]  collecting     [B]  involving        [C]  guiding     [D]  affecting 【答案】[B]  involving 6．[A]  of             [B]  in                 [C]  at            [D]  on 【答案】[D]  on 7．[A]  devoted        [B]  exposed         [C]  lost         [D]  attracted 【答案】[B]  exposed 8．[A]  across          [B]  along              [C]  down        [D]  out 【答案】[C]  down 9．[A]  calculated      [B]  denied            [C]  doubted     [D]  imagined 【答案】[A]  calculated 10．[A]  served         [B]  required           [C]  restored     [D]  explained 【答案】[D]  explained 11．[A]  Even           [B]  Still                [C]  Rather         [D]  Thus 【答案】[A]  Even 12．[A]  defeats         [B]  symptoms        [C]   tests         [D]  errors 【答案】[B]  symptoms 13．[A]  minimized      [B]  highlighted         [C]  controlled      [D]  increased 【答案】[D]  increased 14．[A]  equipped       [B] associated            [C] presented       [D] compared 【答案】[B]  associated 15．[A]  assess        [B] moderate            [C] generate          [D] record 【答案】[C] generate 16．[A]  in the face of  [B] in the form of        [C] in the way of     [D] in the name of 【答案】[A]  in the face of 17．[A]  transfer       [B] commit            [C] attribute          [D] return 【答案】[C] attribute 18．[A]  because        [B] unless            [C] though        [D] until 【答案】[A]  because 19．[A]  emerges       [B] vanishes           [C] remains        [D] decreases 【答案】[C] remains 20．[A]  experiences   [B] combines          [C] justifies       [D]influences 【答案】[D]influences Section II  Reading Comprehension Part A Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1 First two hours , now three hours—this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight , at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines. Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in return for increased safety. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804,which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea ,provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans’ economic and private lives, not to mention infuriating. Last year, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) found in a secret check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons---both fake and real—past airport security nearly every time they tried .Enhanced security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the improving Chicago’s O’Hare International .It is not yet clear how much more effective airline security has become—but the lines are obvious. Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep increase in airline travel , so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly dispute this. There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program. PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited   screening lanes. This allows the TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck. It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker shock. Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background checks. Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreCheck’s fatal flaw. Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level. But Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck enrollment or to cut costs in other ways. The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long past time to make the program work. 21. the crash of Egypt Air Flight 804 is mentioned to [A] stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide. [B] highlight the necessity of upgrading major US airports. [C] explain Americans’ tolerance of current security checks. [D] emphasis the importance of privacy protection. 【答案】[C] explain Americans’ tolerance of current security checks. 22. which of the following contributions to long waits at major airport? [A] New restrictions on carry-on bags. [B] The declining efficiency of the TSA. [C] An increase in the number of travelers. [D] Frequent unexpected secret checks. 【答案】[C] An increase in the number of travelers. 23.The word “expedited” (Line 4, Para.5) is closest in meaning to [A] faster. [B] quieter. [C] wider. [D] cheaper. 【答案】[A] faster. 24. One problem with the PreCheck program is [A] A dramatic reduction of its scale. [B] Its wrongly-directed implementation. [C] The government’s reluctance to back it. [D] An unreasonable price for enrollment. 【答案】[D] An unreasonable price for enrollment. 25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? [A] Less Screening for More Safety [B] PreCheck-a Belated Solution [C] Getting Stuck in Security Lines [D] Underused PreCheck Lanes 【答案】[B] PreCheck-a Belated Solution Text 2 “The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,” wrote Queen Liliuokalani, Hawaii’s last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope(TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity’s view of the cosmos. At issue is the TMT’s planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko , that connects the Hawaiian Islands to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world’s most powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea’s peak rises above the bulk of our planet’s dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity. Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal group of Hawaiians and environments have long viewed their presence as disrespect for sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was once a sovereign nation. Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is the only way of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection of Mauna Kea’s fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the island’s inhabitants. Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past; it is a living culture undergoing a renaissance today. Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first brought early Polynesians to Hawaii’s shores inspires astronomers today to explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies, as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes. The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of Mauna Kea. The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope’s visibility around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their cultural heritage and to study the stars. 26.     Queen Liliuokalani’s remark in Paragraph 1 indicates [A] its conservative view on the historical role of astronomy. [B] the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society. [C] the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times. [D] her appreciation of star watchers’ feats in her time. 【答案】[B] the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society. 27.     Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to [A] its geographical features [B] its protective surroundings. [C] its religious implications. [D] its existing infrastructure. 【答案】[A] its geographical features 28.    The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly because [A] it may risk ruining their intellectual life. [B] it reminds them of a humiliating history. [C] their culture will lose a chance of revival. [D] they fear losing control of Mauna Kea. 【答案】[B] it reminds them of a humiliating history. 29.    It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today’s astronomy [A] is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians. [B] helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world. [C] may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture. [D] will eventually soften Hawaiians’ hostility. 【答案】[C] may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture. 30.    The author’s attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is one of [A] severe criticism. [B] passive acceptance. [C] slight hesitancy. [D] full approval. 【答案】[D] full approval. Text 3 Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country’s GDP measures “everything except that which makes life worthwhile.” With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to. The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that do not matter and misses things that do. By most recent measures, the UK’s GDP has been the envy of the Western world, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so well, then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their country’s economic prospects? A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvements for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing.   While all of these countries face their own challenges , there are a number of consistent themes . Yes , there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash , but in key indicators in areas such as health and education , major economies have continued to decline . Yet this isn’t the case with all countries . Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society , income equality and the environment. This is a lesson that rich countries can learn : When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country’s success, the world looks very different . So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for