山东省学士学位英语2

　　

　　阅读理解

　　第一部分

　　Passage One

　　Impatience has been around for a long time. There is nothing new about people losing their patience while stuck in traffic or waiting in line. But some experts believe that people are less patient today than in the past.

　　Some analysts suggest that in recent years many people are less patient because of technology. They suggest that "digital technology, from cellphones to emails to iPads, is changing our lives. The instant results we get from this technology have in turn increased our desire for instant satisfaction in other aspects of our lives."

　　Psychologist Jennifer Hartstein makes some observations. She explains that "we have become an immediate satisfaction culture, and we expect things to move quickly, efficiently and in the way we want. When that doesn't happen, we tend to become increasingly frustrated and unsatisfied."

　　Some believe that e-mail is losing popularity and could soon become outdated. Why？Because many people who send messages do not have the patience to wait hours，or even minutes，for a response. Also, with e-mails，as with letter writing，introductory and concluding greetings are often expected. But many people consider such formalities（客套）to be boring and time-consuming. They prefer instant messaging. Many people do not take the time to proofread what they put in writing. As a result，letters and e-mails contain numerous grammatical and spelling errors.

　　The thirst for immediate results is not limited to the digital communications. People seem to be losing their ability to wait in other areas of life. For instance，do you ever find yourself talking too fast, eating too fast，driving too fast, or spending money too fast？The few moments it takes to wait for an elevator to come，for a traffic light to change, or for a computer to start may seem like too long a time.

　　11.According to the first paragraph，people.

　　A. have been patient for a long time

　　B. were more patient in the past

　　C. used to be patient while stuck in traffic

　　D. used to be patient while waiting in line

　　12.Nowadays people lose their patience because.

　　A. their desire for satisfaction has increased

　　B. they are bored with what they have

　　C. their life has been changed by technology

　　D. they have more things to do than before

　　13.Some believe that e-mail could soon become outdated because.

　　A. it takes a long time to start the computer

　　B. people value formalities between friends

　　C. cellphones are more popular nowadays

　　D. people can hardly wait for a response

　　14.The pursuit of instant results causes people to.

　　A. have more errors in their writings

　　B. become more impolite

　　C. use voice messages instead of emails

　　D. lose many of their abilities in life

　　15.The best title for the passage might be“".

　　A. Are We Less Patient Today？

　　B. What Are the Problems Caused by Impatience？

　　C. What Happened to Technology？

　　D. Has Digital Technology Changed Our Lives？

　　参考译文：

　　急躁情绪由来已久。人们在堵车或排队时失去耐心已经不是什么新鲜事儿了。但有些专家认为如今的人比过去更加没有耐心。

　　一些分析家指出，由于技术的发展，近些年来很多人变得越来越没有耐心。他们指出：“数码技术，从手机到电子部件再到平板电脑，正在改变我们的生活。我们从这项技术得到的即刻的结果反过来增强了我们在生活其他方面得到即刻满足的欲望。”

　　心理学家詹提弟·哈特斯坦进行了一些观察。她解释说：“我们现在的文化是一种即刻满足的文化，我们希望事情按照我们所期待的方式快速、有效地进行。一旦希望落空，我就容易变得更加沮丧和不满。”

　　有些人认为电子邮件会很快失宠并且过时。为什么呢？因为很多发送消息的人没有耐心花费数小时，甚至是几分钟来等待回复。而且，电子邮件和写信一样，常常需要在开头和结是写上问候语。但是，很多人觉得这种客套很无聊和费时。他们更喜欢即时信息。很多人甚至不愿花时间去检查自己信中所写的内容。结果，书信和电子邮件中都有数不胜数的语法和拼写错误。

　　对即刻站果的渴望不仅限于数字通信。人们似乎在其他生活领域也失去了等待的能力。

　　例如，你有没有发现自己讲话更快了，吃饭更快了，开车更快了，或者消费更快了？花几分钟等电梯，等交通灯变灯，或者等电脑开机，可能都像是过了很长时间。

　　11.【解析】B 细节题。根据文章第一段第三句可知，一些专家认为，现在的人不如以前那么有耐心了，换言之，就是过去的人们更有耐心一些，故答案为B。选项A（一直以来都很有耐心）曲解了文章第一句话，原文的意思是急躁不耐心的情绪早就有了，故排除。文章只是在第一段第二句举例说现在的人在堵车和排队时没有耐心，并没有提到过去的情况，因此选项C（过去在遇到交通堵塞时很有耐心）和选项D（过去在排队时很有耐心）与原文信息不符，故排除。

　　12.【解析】C 细节题。根据文章第二段前两句可知，分析人士认为近些年人们变得越来越没耐心的原因在于科技，具体来说就是科技改变了人们的生活，故答案为C。选项A（他们对满意度的欲望增强了）曲解了本段第三句，原文的意思是我们从技术中得到的即刻的结果反过来增强了我们在生活其他方面得到即刻满足的欲望，由此可知技术才是根本原因，故排除。选项B（他们对自己所做的事儿感到厌倦）和选项D（他们比过去有更多的事情要做）原文均未提及，故排除。

　　13.【解析】D 细节题。根据文章第四段前三句可知，电子邮件会很快失宠并且过时的原因是很多人发送消息后，不愿意花时间等待答复，故答案为D。文章并没有提到电子邮件与电脑开机速度之间的联系，选项A（电脑开机花费太长的时间）不符合题意，故排除。第四段第五句提到，人们觉得写信时的繁文绣节浪费时间，由此可知人们并不太注重朋友间的礼节，选项B（人们看重朋友间的礼节）与原文信息不符，故排除。选项C（如今手机更流行）原文未提及，故排除。

　　14.【解析】A 细节题。根据文章第四段最后三句可知，很多人更喜欢即时信息，不愿意花时间检查所写的内容，因此导致书信和邮件中有很多语法和拼写错误，故答案为A。第四段第五句提到，人们觉得写信时的繁文绸节浪费时间，但是并没有说这样就会不礼貌，因此选项B（变得更加不礼貌）与原文信息不符，故排除。选项C（使用语音信息而不是电子邮件）原文未提及，故排除。选项D（失去很多生活能力）是对文章最后一段第二句的曲解，原文的意思是人们在很多生活领域都失去了等待的能力，故排除。

　　15.【解析】A 主旨题。通读全文可知，文章开头就指出急躁的情绪早已存在，但是专家认为，现在的人变得更加不耐心了，随后的三段分析了造成人们心态急躁的可能原因——技术的发展，而最后一段进一步扩展，说明人们渴望即刻结果的急躁心态延展到生活各个领域。由此可知，全文都在解答人们现在是不是变得更加焦躁这个问题，并分析了其原因，故答案为A。选项B（急躁可能造成的问题是什么？）和选项C（科技发生了什么？）原文均未提及，故排除。本文主要讨论人们的急躁心态与数码科技的可能关联，选项D（数码科技改变我们的生活了吗？）的说法过于宽泛，故排除。

　　Passage Two

　　Kids often ask Scout Bassett，of Palm Desert，California，if she wishes she had two normal legs. Scout，18，answers，"No. I have never known anything different，and it would seem weird to me. Besides，if it weren't for the missing leg，I wouldn't have the opportunities I have today！”

　　Scout has faced big challenges. When she was only months old，she suffered from terrible burms. Her right leg was especially damaged，and doctors cut it off above the knee. When she was

　　14，she got a high-tech leg made for sports and put it to the test right away in a race for disabled athletes. “I remember being terrified because this was my first time，"she says." But my doctor said，‘You have to start somewhere.'”

　　Scout was waiting nervously for the race to start when athlete Sarah Reinertsen came up and said，“I've been doing this for a while. Let me give you some tips.”Reinertsen，who lost her leg when she was seven，is the first disabled woman to have finished the lronman Triathlon（铁人三项）in Hawai. She works with an organization to help support people like Scout.

　　Reinertsen's encouragement changed the teenager's life. She lost that first race，but gained the confidence that she needed to compete. If Sarah could do it，she could too. Training hard，she now runs competitively and also finds time to share her story with school groups.

　　“Sometimes people look at me or at Sarah and think they have nothing in common with us. I tell them that even if you aren't physically challenged，everybody has challenges of some kind-

　　maybe with family，or homework，or friends. No mater what it is，you can overcome that obstacle，”she says. “Everything you need is inside your heart. Take small steps. As time goes by，the steps will get bigger and you will reach your dream.”

　　16.Why does Scout answer "No” when asked if she wants two normal legs？

　　A. She's scared of changing her current situation.

　　B. She couldn't have them even if she wanted to.

　　C. She's satisfied with what she has achieved as a disabled.

　　D. She has never thought about it before.

　　17.What does the doctor mean by saying "You have to start somewhere”（Para.2）？

　　A. She has to find the right place to start.

　　B. She has to do it sooner or later.

　　C. That will be a memorable first time.

　　D. That is a perfect time to start.

　　18.Scout's childhood experiences

　　A. were the cause of her shyness

　　B. were a nightmare until she reached 14

　　C. didn't have much influence on her later life

　　D. didn't stop her from fulfilling herself

　　19. Which of the following statements is true?

　　A. Sarah shared her story with school students.

　　B. Sarah started to compete at the age of seven.

　　C. Scout joined Sarah's organization to help others.

　　D. Scout has been inspired by Sarah's success.

　　20. Through Scout's story, the author wants to tell us that .

　　A. inner strength can help one overcome difficulties

　　B. the disabled are mentally stronger than others

　　C. good things will come no matter what

　　D. everybody has to challenge himself

　　参考译文：

　　孩子们经常问来自加利福尼亚棕榈沙漠成的莫科特·巴西特是否希望自己有两条正常的腿。18岁的莫科特回答说：“不。我从来不知道那会有什么不同，可能反而会让我觉得怪怪的。此外，如果我没有失去双腿，可能就不会有现在的机遇！”

　　斯科特曾面临巨大的挑战。在她只有几个月大的时候，她被严重烧伤。右腿的伤势尤为严重，医生不得不从膝盖处为其进行了截肢。她14岁时装上了用于体育运动的高科技假肢，装上之后立刻在残疾运动员竟技比赛中进行了试用。她说：“我记得当时很害怕，因为这是我第一次用假肢跑步。但是我的医生说：“你早晚得开始练习。’”

　　在斯科特紧张地等待比赛开始的时候，另一名残疾运动员莎拉·菜纳特森走过来对她说：“我参加这项运动有一段时间了。我来给你些建议吧。”菜纳特森7岁的时候就失去了一条腿，她是第一个完成夏威夷铁人三项的女性残疾运动员。她现在为一个组织工作，帮助像斯科特这样的人。

　　菜纳特森的鼓励改变了这位十几岁女孩的人生。虽然第一次比赛失利了，但是地找到了完成比赛的自信。如果莎拉能做到，她也能做到。经过艰苦的训练，她的跑步成绩已经很有竞争力了，她还抽出时间与学校社团的人分享自己的经历。

　　“有时候人们看着我或者莎拉，会认为他们与我们没有共同之处。我告诉他们，即便没有生理上的挑战，每个人也都会遇到一些难题——可能是家庭方面的，可能是学业方面的，也可能是朋友之间的。不管面临的困难是什么，你都能够去克服它，”她说，“你所需要的是内心强大。先取得小的进展。随着时间推移，进展会越来越大，你最终将会实现自己的梦想。”

　　16.【解析】C 细节题。根据文章第一段可知，斯科特被问及是否希望有两条正常的腿时，回答是否定的，随后给出了解释：要不是失去双腿，就不会有现在的机遇。结合下文关于斯科特成就的介绍可知，她对自己作为残疾人的成就感到满意，故答案为C。选项A（她害怕改变现状）、选项B（即使她想要正常的双腿也不可能了）和选项D（她以前从来没有想过这个问题）原文均未提及，故排除。

　　17.【解析】B 语义题。根据文章第二段可知，这句话是斯科特第一次装上假肢并准备在竞技比赛中试用时感到害怕，医生对她所说的。第三段提到斯科特装着假肢去比赛了，可见医生的意思是，既然早晚要开始，不如现在就开始，故答案为B。选项A（她必须找一个合适的地方开始）是完全从字面上去理解的，根据上下文可知，这句话与地点无关，故排除。文章没有提到这一次经历是否难忘，也没有说到这次的时机是否完美，选项C（这将是令人难忘的第一次）和选项D（这是开始的完美时机）均与原文信息不符，故排除。

　　18.【解析】D 推理题。根据文章内容可知，斯科特虽然小小年纪就失去了双腿，但是在安装了假肢以后，她积极参加竞技比赛，还帮助鼓励其他人。从开头和结尾她所说的话可以看出，她对自己的状态很满意，可见童年的不幸没有阻止她成就自己，故答案为D。文章没有提到斯科特是否害羞以及失去双腿后她的感受如何，选项A（是她害羞的原因）和选项B（在她14岁之前一直都是个噩梦）原文均未提及，故排除。斯科特装了假肢，参加残疾人运动会，这都与正常人的生活不同，选项C（对她之后的生活没有多大影响）与原文信息不符，故排除。

　　19.【解析】D 细节题。根据文章第三段和第四段可知，斯科特第一次参加比赛感到十分紧张，残疾人运动员莎拉对她说了一番话，令她受到了鼓舞，故答案为D。和学校学生分享自己经历的是斯科特，而不是莎拉，选项A（莎拉与学校学生分享自己的故事）与原文信息不符，故排除。文章只说莎拉7岁时失去了双腿，但没有说她何时开始参赛，选项B

　　（莎拉7岁时开始参加竞技比赛）原文未提及，故排除。选项C（斯科特加入了莎拉的组织帮助他人）原文未提及，故排除。

　　20.【解析】A 推理题。根据文章最后一段斯科特所说的话可知，无论困难有多大，只要内心强大，就能克服困难，并终有一天会帮助人们实现自己的梦想，故答案为A。从斯科特的话可以看出，作者的重点在于阐述如何克服困难，选项B（残疾人在心理上比其他人强大）和选项C（好事无论如何总会来的）与主题无关，故排除。文章讲述的是如何面对困难，而不是主动地自我挑战，选项D（每个人都必须挑战自我）不合文义，故排除。

　　Passage Three

　　It was a chilly November evening in New York City, and my daughter and I were walking up Broadway. Nora noticed a guy sitting inside a cardboard box next to a newsstand. She pulled at my coat sleeve and said, "That man's cold, Daddy. Can we take him home?"

　　I don't remember my reply, but I do remember a sudden heavy feeling inside me. I had always been delighted at how much my daughter noticed in her world, whether it was birds in flight or children playing. But now she was noticing suffering and poverty. She wasn't even four.

　　A few days later, I saw an article in the newspaper about volunteers who delivered meals to elderly people. The volunteers went to a nearby school on a Sunday morning, picked up a food package, and delivered it to an elderly person. I signed us up. Nora was excited about it. She could understand the importance of food, so she could easily see how valuable our job was. When Sunday came, we picked up the package and phoned the elderly person we'd been assigned. She invited us right over.

　　The building was depressing. When the door opened, facing us was a silver-haired woman in an old dress. She took the package and asked if we would like to come in. Nora ran inside. I reluctantly followed. Our hostess showed us some photos of her family. Nora played and laughed. I accepted a second cup of tea. When it came time to say good-bye, we three stood in the doorway and hugged. I walked home in tears.

　　Where else but as volunteers do you have the opportunity to do something enjoyable that's good for yourself as well as for others? Indeed, the poverty my daughter and I helped lessen that Sunday afternoon was not the woman's alone-it was in our lives, too. Now Nora and I regularly serve meals to needy people and collect clothes for the homeless. Yet, as I' ve watched her grow over these past four years, I still wonder-which of us has benefited more?

　　21. The man Nora noticed on that evening was probably

　　A. one of those homeless

　　B. asking for food

　　C. taken home by the author

　　D. buying a newspaper

　　22.The author had a sudden heavy feeling（Para.2），because.

　　A. he did not want to take the guy home

　　B. his daughter had noticed the dark side of life

　　C. he felt a deep sympathy for the guy

　　D. his daughter was afraid of what she saw

　　23.Their volunteer job was to

　　A. visit poor homes

　　B. serve meals at a nearby school

　　C. deliver food to needy，elderly people

　　D. pick up packages for poor，elderly people

　　24.The word “us” in the last paragraph refers to

　　A. the author and the old woman

　　B. the giver and receiver of the help

　　C. the author and the guy in the box

　　D. the author and his daughter

　　25.The best title for this passage might be“".

　　A. Loving Kid

　　B. Volunteers at Work

　　C. How to Help the Needy

　　D. A Lesson in Caring

　　参考译文：

　　十一月份的一个寒冷的傍晚，我和女儿正走在纽约市百老汇大街上。诺拉注意到一位男士，他坐在报亭边的一个大纸箱里。女儿拉拉我的大衣袖子说：“那个人很冷，爸爸。我们可以把他带回家吗？”

　　我不记得自己是怎么回答的，但是我记得自己突然感觉到内心十分沉重。我一直很高兴自己的女儿能够观察她周围的世界，无论是飞翔的鸟儿还是玩要的孩子。但是现在她注意到了人世间的苦难和贫穷。而她还不到四岁。

　　几天后，我在报纸上看到了一篇关于志愿者给老人免费送餐的报道。志愿者们在星期天早晨到附近的学校拿上打包好的食物，给老人们送去。我和女儿也报名参加了。诺拉对此感到欢欣鼓舞。她理解食物的重要性，因此十分容易理解我们这项工作是多么有价值。星期天到了，我们取了一袋食物，打电话给我们要送食物的老人。她立即就邀请我们过去了。屋子低矮阴暗。当门打开的时候，我们看到的是一位满头银发，身着旧裙的老奶奶。她接过食物袋子，问我们愿不愿意进去坐坐。诺拉跑了进去。我也有些迟疑地跟了进去。女主人给我们看了一些她家人的照片。诺拉一边玩耍一边欢笑。我也接过了第二杯茶。分别之时，我们三人在走廊上互相拥抱。我是含着泪走回家的。

　　除了做志愿者以外，还有什么事情能让你享有这种助人为乐的机会呢？事实上，那天下午我和女儿不仅帮助老奶奶缓解了穷困，也改变了我们的生活。现在，我和诺拉经常为有需要的人提供餐食，为无家可归者收集衣物。而我看着女儿这四年来的成长，始终不能确定——我们之中到底是谁受益更多？

　　21.【解析】A 推理题。根据文章第一段可知，诺拉注意到一位男士在寒冷的冬夜还坐在报亭边的大纸箱子里，因此诺拉要求把他带回家。由此可知，这个人可能是无家可归者，故答案为A。选项B（乞讨食物）、选项C（被作者带回了家）和选项D（购买报纸）原文均未提及，故排除。

　　22.【解析】B 细节题。根据文章第二段后三句可知，作者心情沉重的原因是，女儿小小年纪，本应该看到生活中积极和阳光的一面，但她却注意到了苦难和贫穷，故答案为B。选项A（他不想把那个人带回家）和选项C（他非常同情那个人）原文均未提及，故排除。从第一段提到的诺拉要求把无家可归者带回家可知，诺拉没有对所见感到害怕，选项D（他的女儿对所见感到害怕）与原文信息不符，故排除。

　　23.【解析】C 推理题。根据文章第三段前两句可知，志愿者的工作是给有需要的老人送餐，故答案为C。选项A（访问贫困家庭）表述不准确，故排除。选项B（在附近一所学校供应食物）与原文第三段第二句不符，原文只是说志愿者们到那里取食物，故排除。选项D（为贫困老人取包裹）原文未提到，故排除。

　　24.【解析】B 推理题。根据文章最后一段可知，志愿活动是利人又利己的，在帮助别人的过程中，自己也会感到快乐。作者看到了女儿的成长，因此不禁感慨道，虽然施助者在帮助他人，令他人受益，但是很难说与受助者之间，究竟谁受益更多，故答案为B。选项A（作者和老妇人）范围太过局限，故排除。文章最开头提到的那个无家可归者不是作者志愿服务的对象，选项C（作者和纸箱里那个人）不符合题意，故排除。选项D（作者和他的女儿）具有很强的干扰性，但作者比较自己和女儿谁受益大和文章的主题没有关联，不能升华文章的主题，也不能呼应本段第一句话，故排除。

　　25.【解析】D 主旨题。文章从女儿发现无家可归者的事件引入话题，讲述了自己带着女儿参加为穷苦老人送食物的志愿活动的经历与感受，而最后一段总结了全文，指出志愿活动对于志愿者而言也是受益良多的。原本为女儿小小年纪就看到生活苦难感到心情沉重的作者，也因为这些有意义的活动感受到女儿的成长，故答案为D。选项A（关爱孩子）与文章主题完全不相关，故排除。选项B（志愿者在工作）和选项C（如何帮助有需要的人）虽然在文中有所涉及，但不能概括全文，故排除。

　　Passage Four

　　Scientists measured the impact that people have on the environment using a term called carbon “footprint". That footprint reflects the amount of carbon dioxide that is emitted（排放）into the atmosphere as a result of someone's daily activities，Carbon footprints tend to be low for city duelers（城镇居民）.Living in a suburb outside a city，however，can turn that footprint into a bootprint.

　　Energy researchers Christopher Jones and Daniel Kammen calculated carbon footprints for people in every zip code across the United States. People living in city centers had small foot-prints，the researchers found. “It is much easier to have a low carbon impact if your home is close to where you work，shop and play，"explains Jones. Living within walking or biking distance cuts back on the amount of carbon dioxide associated with moving people by cars. And cities with extensive bus and subway networks allow people to travel great distances while keeping releases of climate-altering greenhouse gases low.

　　Not everyone can afford to live in the city，however. And not everyone wants to. Rings of suburbs have popped up around major cities across the world. Suburbs offer more space，allowing people to build larger homes. Suburbs may offer better schools for a family's kids. But those homes are typically well beyond walking distance from where their owners work, play or learn. So people who live in suburbs often drive long distances.

　　The new findings are an important contribution to climate research, says Mathew Kahn, an environmental economist at the University of California, who was not involved with the study. Kahn would like to see the analysis applied to other parts of the world-Europe, India and China, for instance. That would give scientists a better feel for how culture might mix with location to influence our carbon footprints.

　　26."Footprint"refers to the amount of carbon dioxide released by.

　　A. an individual

　　B. an industry

　　C. a region

　　D. a country

　　27. What is the new finding concerning the footprints of people living in cities and those living in suburbs?

　　A. The two are not at all comparable.

　　B. The former are higher than the latter.

　　C. The former are similar to the latter.

　　D. The latter are higher than the former.

　　28. What is the key factor mentioned to explain the new findings?

　　A. Spending habits.

　　B. Distance travelled by cars.

　　C. Size of families.

　　D. Attitude towards energy saving.

　　29. What does Malhew Kahn think of the new findings?

　　A. He thinks highly of them.

　　B. He is confused by the mixed messages.

　　C. He can easily understand them.

　　D. He doubts their validity.

　　30. What is the purpose of the author in writing the passage?

　　A. To call on people to reduce carbon footprints.

　　B. To offer tips on how to live a low-carbon life.

　　C. To introduce the research on carbon footprints.

　　D. To clear up misunderstandings about carbon emission.

　　参考译文：

　　科学家们用专业术语“碳足迹”来衡量人们对环境造成的影响。这种足迹所反映的是一个人日常活动所产生并排放到大气中的二氧化碳量。城镇居民的碳足迹往往会低一些。而居住在城市郊区的话，人们的碳足迹就要高一些了。

　　能源研究人员克里斯托弗·琼斯和丹尼尔·卡门按照邮政编码分区测算了美国不同地区人们的碳足迹。研究人员发现，生活在市中心的人们碳足迹较小。“如果你家就在工作、购物和娱乐场所附近，碳排放的影响就相对较小。”琼斯解释说。居住在步行或者骑行可及的范围内，就可以减少驾车出行的二氧化碳排放量。在公交和地铁路线四通八达的城市，人们可以进行长途旅行，同时也可以将影响气候的温室气体量保持在低水平。

　　但是，城里并不是每个人都住得起的。而且也不是所有人都想住在城里。在全球范围内，大城市周边的郊区都迅速发展起来。郊区空间更大，人们可以建造更大的住所。孩子们在郊区也可以就读更好的学校。但是这些居所与其主人工作、娱乐和学习的场所之间的距离通常都超出了步行可及的范围。因此居住在郊区的人们常常需要长距离驾车。

　　加利福尼亚大学经济学家马修·卡恩没有参与这项研究，但是他说，这些新发现对气候研究是一项重大贡献。卡恩希望看到这些分析能应用于世界上的其他地区，例如，欧洲、印度和中国。这会让科学家们更好地了解文化是如何与地域相结合，影响我们的碳足迹的。

　　26.【解析】A 细节题。根据文章第一段前两句可知，碳足迹所反映的是一个人日常活动所产生并排放到大气中的二氧化碳量，故答案为A。选项B（一个行业）、选项C（一个地区）和选项D（一个国家）均与原文表述不符，故排除。

　　27.【解析】D 细节题。根据文章第一段后两句可知，城镇居民的碳足迹往往会低一些。而居住在城市郊区的话，碳足迹就要高一些了，故答案为D。选项A（两者没有可比性）、选项B（前者比后者高）和选项C（前者与后者很接近）均与原文表述不符，故排除。

　　28.【解析】B 细节题。根据文章第二段可知，作者在此处解释了城镇居民碳足迹量较小的原因，指出生活在市中心的人由于工作、购物和娱乐的场所与其住所临近，因此驾车出行产生的碳排放较少。文章第三段最后两句指出，住在郊区的人们离工作、娱乐的场所较远，所以驾车出行的距离较长，碳排放较多。故答案为B。选项A（消费习惯）、选项C（家庭规模）和选项D（对能源节约的态度）原文均未提及，故排除。

　　29.【解析】A 细节题。根据文章最后一段第一句可知，马修·卡恩说这些有关碳足迹的新发现对气候研究是一项重大贡献，可见他对这些新发现评价颇高，故答案为A。选项B

　　（他被这些混乱的信息弄糊涂了）和选项D（他怀疑它们的效度）与马修的高度评价相矛盾，故排除。选项C（他很容易理解这些新发现）原文未提及，故排除。

　　30.【解析】C 主旨题。文章开头段落介绍了碳足迹的概念，随后说明了一个新发现，指出城市居民碳足迹较低，分析了其原因，并指出这些新发现的意义和价值。从文章结构和用语也可看出作者主要是在进行介绍，故答案为C。选项A（呼吁人们减少碳足迹）、选项B（为如何低碳生活提供一些建议）和选项D（澄清对碳排放的误解）原文均未提及，故排除。

　　第二部分

　　Passage One

　　One cowardly person came to a master of martial arts（武术）to learn bravery.The master looked at him and said：

　　“I will teach you only on one condition，if for one month you will live in a big city and to every passing person on the street you will loudly，openly and looking straight into the eyes tell that you're a coward.”

　　The person got really sad，because this task seemed scary to him. For a couple of days he was very sad，but to live with his cowardice（胆小）was so unbearable that he travelled to the city to accomplish his mission.

　　At first，when meeting the passers，he lost his speech. But he needed to finish the master's task，so he began to overcome himself. When he came up to his first passer to tell about his cowardice，it seemed to him that he would die from fear. But each time，his voice sounded louder and more confident. And then a moment came when the man caught himself thinking that he was not scared anymore，and the further he continued doing the task，the more convinced he was that the fear was abandoning him. That way a month had passed. The person came back to the master and said：

　　“Thank you，teacher. I finished your task. Now I'm not afraid anymore. But how did you know that this strange task will help me？”

　　“The thing is，"the master smiled，“that cowardice is only a habit. And by doing the things that scare us，we can destroy the stereotypes. And now you know that bravery is the same habit.

　　To make it a part of yourself，you need to move forward into the fear. And then the fear will retreat，and bravery will take its place.”

　　11. What task did the master ask the person to finish?

　　A. To live with strangers for one month.

　　B. To travel to a big city and talk to strangers.

　　C. To tell strangers about his own weakness.

　　D. To ask strangers for help with his problem.

　　12. What did the person think of the task?

　　A. Totally unbearable.

　　B. Rather difficult.

　　C. Possibly boring.

　　D. Somewhat exciting.

　　13. What does paragraph 4 mainly describe?

　　A. The challenges the person faced.

　　B. The person's gratitude to the master.

　　C. The changes experienced by the person.

　　D. The person's understanding of the task.

　　14. When the person came back to the master,.

　　A. his fear was partly gone B. his problem remained unsolved C. he was no longer cowardly D. he was not sure what to do next

　　15. In the last paragraph the master explains.

　　A. why cowardice can change into bravery

　　B. why it is hard to overcome cowardice

　　C. what is the most important part of bravery

　　D. what should be done to build up confidence

　　【参考译文】

　　一个胆小的人来找一位武术大师练习胆量。大师看了看他，说道：

　　“想要我教你必须有一个条件，你得在一个大城市里住一个月，每天对着街上来往的行人大声地、公开地、直视其目光地告诉他们你是一个胆小鬼。”

　　这个人感到很伤心，因为这项任务让他觉得很害怕。一连几天他都很伤心，但是他实在不能忍受自己的胆小懦弱，只好来到城市里完成自己的任务。

　　起初，一遇到行人，他就说不出话来。但是他必须完成大师的任务，于是他开始克服自身的障碍。在他走过去对第一个行人说出自己的胆怯之时，他吓得要死。但是后来每一次他的声音都变得更大也更加自信。于是终于有一天，他感觉自己已经不再害怕了，而随着他继续完成这项任务，他越来越确定恐惧已经离他而去了。就这样，一个月过去了。这个人回去找大师说：

　　“谢谢你，大师。我完成了你给我的任务。现在我已经不再害怕了。但是你是怎么知道这项奇怪的任务能够帮到我的？”

　　“是这样的，”大师微笑着说，“胆怯只是一种习惯。但是通过去做那些让我们感到害怕的事情，我们就可以打破这种定势。而现在你也知道，勇敢同样是一种习惯。要让勇敢成为你的习惯，你需要走入恐惧的深处。而那时恐惧就会撤退，勇气则会取而代之。”

　　11.【解析】C 细节题。根据文章第二段可知，大师答应教这个胆小者的条件是要他完成一个任务：告诉陌生人自己的弱点，即他是一个胆小鬼，故答案为C。选项A（和陌生人一起生活一个月）和选项D（让陌生人帮助他解决问题）原文并未提及，故排除。文章虽然说到了要胆小者去大城市居住并与陌生人说话，但其重点在于要告诉陌生人自己的缺点，选项B（去大城市与陌生人交谈）没有抓住重点，故排除。

　　12.【解析】B 细节题。根据文章第三段第一句可知，胆小者听到大师的这个条件，感到很伤心，因为要完成这个任务令他害怕。第四段第三句也提到，他刚开始跟陌生人说话时吓得要死。由此可知，这个任务对他而言很困难，故答案为B。选项A（完全难以忍受）、选项C（可能很无聊）和选项D（有些令人兴奋）均与原文中的信息不一致，故排除。

　　13.【解析】C 主旨题。根据文章第四段第三句可知，这个胆小的人刚开始要走上前去对陌生人说自己的缺点时，吓得要死，但第四段第四句又提到，后来他的声音逐渐变得更大更自信，直至后来自己不再害怕。由此可知，这段主要讲的是他的变化，故答案为C。选项A（这个人面临的挑战）只能概括该段的前半部分，故排除。选项B（这个人对大师的感激）在第四段中没有提到，故排除。从最后两段可知，直到大师向他解释，他才明白大师让他完成这个任务的用意，选项D（这个人对任务的理解）与原文不符，故排除。

　　14.【解析】C 细节题。根据文章第四段最后两句和第五段可知，这个人完成了大师给他的任务，并确定恐惧已经离他而去了，故答案为C。第四段明确说到这个人已经不再恐惧了，因此选项A（他的恐惧部分消失了）和选项B（他的问题还是没有解决）与原文相悖，故排除。选项D（他不知道接下来应该怎么做）原文未提及，故排除。

　　15.【解析】A 细节题。文章最后一段中大师的话是来解答原本胆小的那个人所提出的问题：“您怎么知道那个奇怪的任务能够帮到我。”大师指出，胆怯是一种习惯，而勇敢亦然。只有打破了恐惧的定势，才可以把胆怯变成勇气。由此可知，大师解释的是为什么胆怯可以转化为勇气，故答案为A。选项B（为什么克服胆怯很困难）和选项C（勇敢最重要的方面是什么）原文均未提及，故排除。选项D（如何建立自信）虽然与勇气稍有联系，但没有提及胆怯，因此过于片面，故排除。

　　Passage Two

　　Textbook prices are traditionally high. “Combined with the rising cost of tuition，the price of books for our students is just killing these kids，"said Peter Jason，Ph.D.，a local community college professor. Adding to that problem，many college instructors change textbooks year after year；they either upgrade to a new edition or switch to an entirely different textbook. This further hurts students because if an instructor no longer uses a particular textbook，that book has no resale value.

　　Students are one of the poorest groups of people in America. Almost half of them have at least one part-time job. In fact，some even have three jobs and still manage to have high grades and go to school full-time.

　　So Dr. Jason decided to make life a little easier and a lot cheaper for his students by writing his own book on public speaking. He thinks that many books have an increased price because of bells and whistles；CD-ROMs，lots of color photographs，and lots of graphics. He talked to his students，and many of them，like him，prefer to keep things simple. They want to have a book which is brief and concise，not long-winded.

　　A few years ago Dr. Jason finished his own textbook. “Compared to most other public speaking primers（启蒙书），mine is half the number of pages，and one-third the price. That is，$30instead of $90. Plus，it is published in a three-ring binder format. So，when I wrote a second edition last year，students only had to buy the 35 new pages and delete 35 of the original pages. For only $7.00，they had upgraded to the new edition. I've had great feedback from my students about this loose-leaf concept. Maybe the word will get out，and more writers and publishers will try it，”said Dr. Jason.

　　16. What can we learn from paragraph 1?

　　A. College textbooks are way too expensive.

　　B. Students don't like to sell their own textbooks.

　　C. Students ask their instructors not to use any textbooks.

　　D. Some students were rejected by their instructors.

　　17. According to paragraph 3, the "bells and whistles" of a book refers to.

　　A. the feedback from readers

　　B. additional features

　　C. book types D. the subject varieties

　　18. Dr. Jason decided to help his students by.

　　A. collecting used textbooks

　　B. writing a concise textbook

　　C. selling second-hand books

　　D. making public speeches

　　19. What did Dr. Jason's students do when he wrote a second edition?

　　A. They kept parts of the old edition.

　　B. They switched entirely to a new book.

　　C. They kept away from any new book.

　　D. They bought the new book at a discount.

　　20. What does Dr. Jason hope that more writers can try?

　　A. A loose-leaf concept.

　　B. A second edition.

　　C. New topics.

　　D. Contact with readers.

　　【参考译文】

　　教科书的价格一向高昂。“加之学费不断上涨，书籍的价格简直就是要了这些孩子们的命。”当地社区大学的彼得·杰森博士说。更麻烦的是，许多学校的教师每年都更换教材；他们要么使用升级的版本，要么索性换成完全不同的教材。如果教师不再使用某本教材，这本书就失去了转卖的价值，所以这进一步损害了学生的利益。

　　学生是美国最穷困的一个群体。几乎一半左右的学生至少做一份兼职工作。实际上，有些学生甚至要打三份工，同时还要设法保证在学校的全日出勤，并得到高学分。

　　因此，杰森博士决定编写一本关于公开演讲的教材，来减轻学生的负担，让他们少花点钱。他认为许多书籍价格上涨是因为附加了太多的额外功能：光盘、大量的彩色照片和图表。他与学生们交流了自己的想法，许多人和他一样，愿意将事情简化。他们需要的书籍是简洁明了的，不要太过繁琐。

　　几年前，杰森博士完成了自己的教科书。他说：“与其他公开演讲启蒙教程相比，我的书只有它们一半的厚度，而价格也只有其三分之一。也就是，那些书90美元一本，我的书只要30美元。此外，我的书是用三个环形的夹子装订的。如此一来，在我去年写第二版的时候，学生只需要购买更新的35页，把原来的那部分替换掉就可以了。只需花费7美元，他们就可以得到新的版本了。很多学生对于这种活页的想法反映非常好。也许这种想法会传播开来，到时候更多的作者和出版商会尝试去做。”

　　16.【解析】A 细节题。根据文章第一段第一句可知，教科书价格高昂。随后又指出，由于教师经常更换教材，使得学生无法转手手中的旧书，这就让学生的利益进一步受损了。可见这段主要是说，大学教科书太贵了，故答案为A。选项B（学生们不想出售自己的教科书）与第一段最后一句相悖，故排除。选项C（学生们请求老师不要使用任何教科书）和选项D（有些学生被老师拒之门外）第一段均未提及，故排除。

　　17.【解析】B 语义题。根据文章第三段第二句可知，作者在说到书的价格昂贵是因为“bells and whistles”之后解释道，“bells and whistles”指的是光盘、彩图、图表等，可见这些都是图书附加的、额外的一些特色，故答案为B。选项A（来自读者的反馈）、选项C（书籍的种类）和选项D（主题的多样性）与其后列举的光盘、图表等均不吻合，故排除。

　　18.【解析】B 推理题。文章第三段开头提到，杰森博士要出一本教科书，而最后两句又提到，学生们和杰森博士的想法一样，都希望事情简化，他们需要的是简洁明了的教科书。由此可知，杰森博士帮助学生的方式就是出一本学生想要的简洁的教科书，故答案为B。选项A（收集二手教科书）和选项C（出售二手书）原文均未提及，故排除。本段开头提到杰森博士决定编写一本关于公开演讲的教材来帮助学生，并不是做公开演讲，选项D（做公开演讲）与原文信息不符，故排除。

　　19.【解析】A 推理题。文章最后一段第五句提到，由于杰森博士的书籍是活页的，在出第二版的时候，学生只需要购买更新的部分。由此可知，学生们可以保留旧版的一部分，故答案为A。使用活页的初衷就是让学生可以只购买更新的部分，选项B（他们要换一本全新的书）和选项C（他们不购买任何新书）与原文信息不符，故排除。选项D（他们以折扣价购书）原文未提及，故排除。

　　20.【解析】A 细节题。根据文章最后一段最后两句可知，杰森博士的活页教科书因其内容简洁和价格低廉受到了学生的欢迎，而杰森博士希望有更多作者尝试这种做法，而这种做法指的就是之前提到的活页书这一概念，故答案为A。本段虽然提到了第二个版本，但这并不是杰森想要推广的做法，选项B（出第二版本）与原文信息不符，故排除。选项C（新的话题）和选项D（与读者接触）原文均未提及，故排除。

　　Passage Three

　　Some Stanislaus County farmers are having a tough time harvesting their crops because of a shortage of workers.

　　For years Vito Chiesa，who farms near Hughson，has grown peaches，but these days he's re-placing them with almonds（杏仁）.“This is where I started losing peaches，”pointed out to News10reporter Tim Daly." Just like that，we got the bulldozers（推土机）and pushed. You're going to see almonds out there next year.”

　　Farmers can't find enough workers to handle crops like peaches that require careful hand picking because machines would damage the ripe peaches and then the farmer could not sell them.Some farmers will soon switch to growing almonds.

　　Almonds are harvested differently. They require fewer workers because trees are mechanically shaken. The almonds fall on the ground and then are gathered up. The farmer does not have to hire many workers to pick the almonds off the trees.

　　Some farmers think there are a couple of reasons for the labor shortage，which is even worse in the southern Central Valley. One is that workers make higher wages doing construction work and there is plenty of that in the Central Valley. Another is that since the September 11，2001 attacks，there is more enforcement at the state's border with Mexico，resulting in fewer workers coming into California.

　　One solution might be to allow Mexican workers to work here as guests，so people who want to work and contribute to the economy of the U.S. can have the opportunity to provide for themselves and family. That would also help the farm labor situation without making the country less secure.

　　Farmers say that unless things change, more produce will come from South America and China where labor is cheap and there is more competition.

　　21. The farmers are reported to have difficulty in .

　　A. hiring harvest workers

　　B. selecting the right fruit to grow

　　C. selling their farm produce

　　D. changing their way of farming

　　22. We learn from the passage that Vito Chiesa .

　　A. is very happy to make a change

　　B. is a driver of the bulldozer

　　C. is to shift to growing peaches

　　D. is going to grow almonds

　　23. More manual work is required for .

　　A. picking ripe peaches

　　B. picking ripe almonds

　　C. planting peaches

　　D. planting almonds

　　24. What is the second reason for the labor shortage?

　　A. The fear of more terrorists' attacks.

　　B. The reduced number of Mexican workers.

　　C. The economic depression.

　　D. The border dispute between the U.S. and Mexico.

　　25. The competition mentioned in the last paragraph is between .

　　A. South America and China

　　B. Stanislaus County farmers and their laborers

　　C. American farmers and farmers overseas

　　D. peach farmers and almond farmers

　　【参考译文】

　　斯坦尼斯洛斯县的一些农场主由于人手短缺，在农作物收获之际陷入了困境。

　　维托·奇萨多年来一直在哈格森附近种植桃树，但是最近他正改种杏树。“这就是我开始损失桃树的地方，”他指着一块地对新闻10频道的记者蒂姆·达利说，“就像这样，我们开来了推土机把桃树推倒了。明年你就会在这里看到杏树了。”

　　农场主们找不到足够的人手来收获像桃子这样需要精细的人工采摘的作物，因为机器会弄坏成熟的桃子，那样桃子就无法售出了。一些农场主很快将会改种杏树了。

　　杏的采摘有所不同。所需的人手较少，因为杏树使用机器来摇晃。等到杏落地后再行收获。农场主们就不必雇佣很多工人从树上采摘杏仁。

　　劳动力缺乏的情况很严重，在中心谷南部尤甚，一些农场主认为其原因有二。一是工人从事建筑行业收入更高，而中心谷地区工程众多。二是自从2001年“9·11”袭击之后，美国与墨西哥边境加强了管控，能够来到加州的工人更少了。

　　解决这一问题的一种方法是允许墨西哥的工人以访客的身份到美国工作，这样那些需要工作并能为美国经济做贡献的人就有机会养活自己及家人。如此一来，既能缓解农场的人手问题，又不会危害国家安全。

　　农场主们称，除非改变现状，否则更多农产品将会从劳动力廉价的南美或中国进口，竞争压力也会更大。

　　21.【解析】A 推理题。根据文章第一段可知，斯坦尼斯洛斯县的一些农场主由于人手短缺，在农作物收获之际陷入了困境，故答案为A。文章第二段开头提到，维托·奇萨最近改种杏树了，但这并不是让农场主犯难的地方，选项B（选择适当的水果来种植）与原文信息不符，故排除。选项C（出售自己的农产品）和选项D（改变自己的种植方法）原文均未提及，故排除。

　　22.【解析】D 细节题。根据文章第二段第一句可知，尽管维托一直种植桃子，但最近他正在改种杏树，故答案为D。根据上下文可知，农场主苦于找不到人手收获桃子才改种杏树，选项A（很高兴进行改变）与原文信息不符，故排除。第二段虽然提到了推土机，但并没有说维托是推土机驾驶员，选项B（是一个推土机驾驶员）与原文信息不符，故排除。选项C（准备改种桃子）与原文表述相反，故排除。

　　23.【解析】A 推理题。根据文章第三段第一句可知，因为容易弄坏，成熟的桃子不能用机器来收获，需要精细的人工采摘。由此可知，采摘成熟的桃子需要更多的人手，故答案为A。第四段介绍了杏仁的采摘是可以使用机器的，不需要雇佣太多人手，选项B（采摘成熟的杏仁）与题干所问不符，故排除。选项C（种植桃树）和选项D（种植杏树）原文均未提及，故排除。

　　24.【解析】B 细节题。文章第五段介绍了人手短缺的两个原因，其中第二个原因是恐怖袭击之后，美国加强了与墨西哥边境的管控，能来美国的墨西哥工人减少了，故答案为B。第二个原因中虽然提到了恐怖袭击，但是其直接后果是美国加强边境管控，并不是劳工对恐怖事件的恐惧，选项A（害怕发生更多的恐怖袭击）与原文信息不符，故排除。选项C（经济衰退）和选项D（美国和墨西哥的边境纠纷）原文均未提及，故排除。

　　25.【解析】C 推理题。文章最后一段提到，农场主们认为，如果不能解决从墨西哥引进工人的问题，美国的农产品就会竞争不过来自南美和中国的产品，因此会产生更大的竞争压力。由此可知，这段提到的是美国农场主与海外农场主之间的竞争，故答案为C。选项A（南美和中国）、选项B（斯坦尼斯洛斯县农场主与其工人）和选项D（种植桃树的农场主和种植杏树的农场主）三方面的竞争原文均未提及，故排除。

　　Passage Four

　　The timing of flu season is a little hard to predict. Part of what makes it unpredictable is that scientists still don't understand exactly why we have one at all. There have been lots of theories:

　　One theory is that people spend more time indoors, with the windows closed, breathing each other's air. Other scientists have argued that cold of winter weakens our immune systems. A third theory is that the flu virus lives in the cold, dry air, but suffers in the warm, humid air.

　　For a while, scientists had a hard time testing these theories: they needed to run experiments, but researchers aren't allowed to infect humans with illnesses, and most lab animals aren't affected by the flu the same way people are.

　　In 2007，a medical researcher named Peter Palese found an 80-year-old journal article that reported that guinea pigs（豚鼠）get infected and pass on the flu just like humans.

　　Palese decided to test Theory 3.The research team led by Palese ran several experiments and in each experiment，they injected half the guinea pigs with influenza A（the common flu），and put them in a box next to a box of uninfected animals.

　　At a temperature of 41 degrees，all four of the exposed guinea pigs caught the flu，but when Palese repeated the experiment at 68 degrees，only one of the animals was infected. And when he ran the test at 86 degrees，none of the exposed animals got sick.

　　The researchers also ran experiments where they varied the humidity in the room but kept the temperature constant: the drier the air，they found，the more animals got sick.

　　Palese's study showed that the influenza virus does spread more effectively in cold，dry air.

　　26. What does paragraph 3 mainly discuss?

　　A. The direction for future research.

　　B. The necessity of running more tests.

　　C. The difficulty of testing the theories.

　　D. The cost of animal experiments.

　　27. Palese got the idea to experiment with guinea pigs from .

　　A. a past research

　　B. an 80-year-old scientist

　　C. a fellow researcher

　　D. a journal article long time ago

　　28. At a temperature of 68 degrees, how many guinea pigs were infected?

　　A. None.

　　B. Only one.

　　C. Half of them.

　　D. All of them.

　　29. Palese's experiments with the guinea pigs .

　　A. fully support Theory3

　　B. partly confirm Theory 2

　　C. raise doubt on Theory 1

　　D. find little evidence for all theories

　　30. The purpose of the writer is to .

　　A. introduce a new flu theory

　　B. report a test on one flu theory

　　C. compare the various flu theories

　　D. point out a new approach to flu study

　　【参考译文】

　　流感季节有些难以预测。部分原因在于科学家们尚不清楚我们究竟为什么会得流感。关于得流感的理论众多：

　　一种理论认为人们在室内待的时间太长，窗户紧闭，呼吸的都是别人呼出的空气。还有一些科学家认为冬季的严寒使我们的免疫力降低。第三种理论是流感病毒存活于寒冷、干燥的空气中，在温暖、潮湿的空气中反而不易生存。

　　有一段时间，科学家们难以验证这些理论：他们需要进行实验，但研究人员不能让人类去感染疾病，而大多数实验室里的动物感染流感病毒的症状又和人类不尽相同。

　　2007年一位名叫皮特·帕勒斯的医学研究人员发现了一篇80年前刊登在医学期刊上的文章，报道称豚鼠会像人类一样感染和传播流感病毒。

　　帕勒斯决定验证第三种理论。他所领导的研究小组进行了若干实验，在每次实验中，他们都给一半的豚鼠注射A型流感病毒（即普通流感病毒），然后把它们放到盒子里，放在装有未感染病毒的豚鼠的盒子旁边。

　　在华氏41度的条件下，四只未感染病毒的豚鼠全部患上了流感，但是当帕勒斯在68度的条件下重复这项实验时，只有一只豚鼠感染了流感。而当测试温度达到86度时，四只豚鼠无一感染。

　　研究人员还用同样的室温但不同的湿度进行了实验：他们发现，空气越干燥，豚鼠越容易患病。

　　帕勒斯的研究表明，流感病毒在寒冷、干燥的空气中能更有效地传播。

　　26.【解析】C 主旨题。根据文章第三段可知，科学家们难以验证之前提出的有关流感病毒的三种理论，并明确说明了难以验证的具体原因，故答案为C。从时态来看，本段所说的困难均是过去的事情，并不是未来的研究方向，选项A（未来研究的方向）与本段内容无关，故排除。选项B（进行更多测试的必要性）和选项D（用动物进行实验的费用）本段均未提及，故排除。

　　27.【解析】D 细节题。根据文章第四段可知，帕勒斯找到了一篇80年前刊登在医学期刊上的研究文章，报道了豚鼠会像人类一样感染和传播流感病毒。由此可知，他的灵感来自一篇年头久远的期刊文章，故答案为D。选项A（过去的一项研究）、选项B（一位80岁的科学家）和选项C（一名研究员同事）原文均未提及，故排除。

　　28.【解析】B 细节题。根据文章第六段第一句可知，当温度达到华氏68度时，只有一只豚鼠感染了流感病毒，故答案为B。

　　29.【解析】A 细节题。根据文章第五段第一句和最后一段可知，帕勒斯的实验证明，流感病毒在寒冷、干燥的空气中能更有效地传播，而这正是第二段提出的第三种理论，可见其实验完全支持了第三种理论，故答案为A。

　　30.【解析】B 主旨题。根据文章的主要结构和内容可知，文章前两段提出了关于人们之所以会得流感的三种理论假设，第三段指出由于找不到合适的实验动物，一段时间以来这些理论难以得到验证，而从第四段开始，作者介绍了帕勒斯利用豚鼠进行实验的起源、过程和结论，并说明他验证了第三种理论。由此可知，文章是围绕流感理论的验证展开的，故答案为B。对流感理论的说明只占极少的篇幅，同时文章也没有明确提到一种全新的流感理论，选项A（介绍新的流感理论）以偏概全，故排除。选项C（比较不同的流感理论）和选项D（指出流感研究的新方法）原文均未提及，故排除。

　　第三部分

　　Passage One

　　When Nicholas Pave was three years old，he ate a piece of cake at a party. Within seconds，his throat was aching and his nose was running. An hour later，he started throwing up. Says Nicholas now: “It was scary.”

　　How can one bite of one cake make someone so sick？Nicholas was having an allergic（过敏的）reaction to peanut-butter（花生酱）chips in the cake. His mom quickly called the doctor and gave Nicholas some medicine. Without the medicine，he might have stopped breathing. Some people allergic to peanuts have died after eating them.

　　People who are allergic to peanuts must avoid anything containing a peanut or its oil. Sometimes just smelling or touching peanut oil or peanut dust causes an allergic reaction. That can tum a school dining hall into a danger zone！Now some schools have decided not to take any chances. They're cracking down on peanut products to protect allergic kids. In some school dining halls, peanut-free tables are being set aside. In other schools, no one is allowed to bring any "peanutty" foods at all.

　　Banning peanut butter creates some sticky problems. Peanut-butter sandwiches are popular. They are a nutritious, affordable food for most families. However, there are many choices for a healthful lunch. School dining halls can provide a wide choice of foods that are safe for all kids. They can even send home suggestions for bag lunches that don't include peanuts. People should be willing to sacrifice a particular food if it might save a child's life. All schools should ban peanuts and peanut products.

　　Even if all schools don't ban peanuts, Ann Munoz-Furlong of the Food Allergy Network points out that teachers and students should have an emergency plan to deal with any allergy attack. Allergic kids should always wash their hands before eating and should never exchange foods with other kids. Kids should feel safe in the classroom and the dining hall.

　　11. After eating the cake, Nicholas had all the following symptoms EXCEPT .

　　A. an aching throat

　　B. running a fever

　　C. a running nose

　　D. throwing up

　　12. Without the medicine, Nicholas might have .

　　A. got a headache

　　B. felt sick

　　C. stopped breathing

　　D. gone crazy

　　13."Cracking down on"(Para.3) is closest in meaning to" ".

　　A. banning

　　B. bringing

　　C. throwing away

　　D. putting away

　　14. Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 4?

　　A. People can be allergic to some peanut products.

　　B. Schools should forbid all peanut products.

　　C. Peanut-butter sandwiches are nutritious.

　　D. People allergic to peanuts should avoid peanut oil as well.

　　15. The Food Allergy Network suggests that teachers should be prepared with .

　　A. information about allergies for parents

　　B. plenty of anti-allergy medicine

　　C. different types of sandwiches

　　D. an emergency plan for allergy attacks

　　【参考译文】

　　尼古拉斯·帕韦三岁时，在一次聚会上吃了一块蛋糕。几秒钟后，他开始喉咙痛，并且开始流鼻涕。一小时后，他开始呕吐。如今尼古拉斯回想起来说：“那次太可怕了。”

　　吃一口蛋糕怎么能让有些人生病呢？尼古拉斯对蛋糕里的花生酱过敏。他的妈妈很快打电话给医生，并给尼古拉斯服用一些药。如果没有药，他可能会停止呼吸。有些对花生过敏的人因吃了花生后而丧命。

　　对花生过敏的人必须避免任何含有花生或花生油的东西。有时只是闻到或接触到花生油或花生粉尘，就会引起过敏反应。这样学校食堂可能会变成危险地带！现在，有些学校已经决定不冒任何风险。为了保护过敏的孩子，它们正在抵制花生制品。在一些学校食堂里，特别设置了无花生餐桌区。还有些学校，任何人都不允许携带任何含有花生的食品。禁用花生酱带来了一些棘手的问题。花生酱三明治很受欢迎。对于大多数家庭来说，它们是一种既营养又廉价的食物。然而，想吃健康的午餐，还是有很多选择的。学校食堂可以为所有孩子提供大量安全的食品选择。他们甚至会建议家长不要给学生带含有花生的午餐。如果放弃某一特定的食物能挽救一个孩子的生命的话，人们应该会愿意这样做。所有学校都应该禁止花生和花生制品。

　　在食物过敏网工作的安·穆尼奥斯弗隆指出，即使不是所有的学校都禁止花生，教师和学生也应该有一个应急计划来应对任何过敏情况的发生。过敏儿童应在进食前先洗手，不要与其他孩子交换食物。孩子们在教室和食堂应该是安全的。

　　11.【解析】B 细节题。根据文章第一段第二句和第三句可知，吃过蛋糕几秒钟后，他的喉咙开始痛，并且开始流鼻涕，一小时后他开始呕吐，选项A（嗓子痛）、选项C（流鼻涕）和选项D（呕吐）都属于尼古拉斯吃完蛋糕后的症状，故排除。选项B（发烧）原文未提及，故答案为B。

　　12.【解析】C 细节题。根据文章第二段第四句可知，如果没有药，他可能会停止呼吸，故答案为C。选项A（头痛）和选项D（变得疯狂）原文均未提及，故排除。选项B（觉得要呕吐）是尼古拉斯过敏后的症状，但不是他不吃药会产生的直接结果，故排除。

　　13.【解析】A 语义题。根据文章第三段最后两句可知，在一些学校食堂里，特别设置了无花生餐桌区，还有些学校，任何人都不允许携带任何含有花生的食品。由此可推断出，为了保护过敏的孩子，一些学校正在抵制花生制品，因此cracking down on的意思应为“取缔，抵制，镇压”。选项A（禁止，取缔）与cracking down on的意思相近，故答案为A。选项B（带来）、选项C（扔掉，丢弃）和选项D（把……收起，放好）均与cracking down on的意思不符，故排除。

　　14.【解析】B 主旨题。文章第四段主要讲的是为了过敏学生的生命安全，学校应该禁止花生和花生制品，同时建议家长不要给学生带含有花生的午餐，故答案为B。选项A（人们可能会对一些花生制品过敏）和选项D（对花生过敏的人也应该避免花生油）均属于第三段的内容，故排除。选项C（花生酱三明治营养丰富）是第四段中对花生酱三明治受欢迎原因的解释，并不是第四段的主旨，故排除。

　　15.【解析】D 细节题。根据文章最后一段第一句可知，在食物过敏网工作的安·穆尼奥斯弗隆指出，即使不是所有的学校都禁止花生，教师和学生应该有一个应急计划来应对任何过敏情况的发生，故答案为D。选项A（为父母准备有关过敏的资料）、选项B（准备大量的抗过敏药）和选项C（准备不同种类的三明治）原文均未提及，故排除。

　　Passage Two

　　During his life, J.S. Bach was not as popular as Beethoven and Mozart during their lifetimes. His music was considered hard to understand and even harder to play. Although Bach wrote more than 1,000 pieces of music, very few were published while he was alive. An employer originally rejected one of Bach's most famous works, the Brandenburg Concertos. Bach composed the piece in 1721 as part of a job application. He never even got a response，let alone the job he wanted. More than 100 years later，the piece was finally published. Today，you can hear orchestras all over the world playing Bach's Brandenburg Concertos，which offers just one example of how public opinion of Bach has changed. Now the composer is considered one of the most brilliant minds of Western Civilization.

　　Bach's music is very complex. During his lifetime no one could imitate him. Instead of writing just one melody（旋律）into his music，he often used two. The two melody lines are kept separate throughout the music，like two voices having a conversation. But they are also precise，like a mathematical equation set to sound. To the skilled listener，Bach's complexity adds endless depth. Bach studied hard and expected his students to do the same. He once said，“I was obliged to be hard-working；whoever is equally hard-working will succeed equally well." Bach was a very patient and kind teacher.

　　Bach combined the notes from different instruments in a new way. More than anything，he wants to invent. He was always experimenting with new patterns of music. He did not worry that others did not like his music. He just said，“If you cannot please all by your art or your work，satisfy the few. To please many is bad." Bach had a great influence on many of the composers who came after him.

　　16. Which of the following is NOT true of Bach's Brandenburg Concertos?

　　A. It is an example of how public opinion of Bach has changed.

　　B. It is a part of an application for a job Bach never got.

　　C. It is one of his most famous works.

　　D. It is impossible to play and enjoy.

　　17. The author uses the example of "two melodies"(Para.2) to .

　　A. show how deep and complex his music is

　　B. explain why people today enjoy his music

　　C. illustrate why Bach was a good music teacher

　　D. teach readers how to combine two songs

　　18. The phrase "experimenting with"(Para.3) is closest in meaning to" ".

　　A. following up

　　B. trying out

　　C. measuring

　　D. changing

　　19. What Bach says in paragraph 3 shows .

　　A. he was a rigid teacher to his students

　　B. he did not care about his popularity

　　C. what inspired him to write his music

　　D. why artists should please most people

　　20. This passage is mainly about .

　　A. Bach's music and how he is remembered

　　B. Bach's life and how he composed music

　　C. how Bach taught his students

　　D. why people like Bach's music

　　【参考译文】

　　在巴赫的一生中，他不像贝多芬和莫扎特在有生之年那么受欢迎。人们认为他的曲子很难理解，甚至很难演奏。虽然巴赫写了1000多首曲子，但在他生前公开发行的却寥寥无几。一位雇主一开始就拒绝了巴赫最著名的作品之一——《勃兰登堡协奏曲》。巴赫在1721年创作了这首曲子，用来求职。但是他甚至没有得到任何回复，更别提他想要的那份工作了。100多年后，这首曲子终于发行了。如今，你可以听到世界各地的管弦乐团都在演奏巴赫的《勃兰登堡协奏曲》，这只是公众对巴赫的看法是如何改变的一个例子罢了。现在，巴赫被认为是西方文明中最杰出的天才之一。

　　巴赫的乐曲很复杂。在他有生之年，没有人能模仿他。他在自己的曲子中经常用两种旋律，而非一种。这两条旋律线在整个乐曲中是分开的，就像两个声音在对话。但它们听起来都很精确，就像数学方程组一样。对于专业的听众来说，巴赫乐曲的复杂性给乐曲本身增加了无尽的深度。巴赫努力钻研，并希望他的学生也能这样做。他曾经说过：“我必须得努力，只要是和我一样努力的人，就会取得和我同样好的成就。”巴赫是一位非常有耐心、和蔼的老师。

　　巴赫以一种新的方式将不同乐器的音符组合起来。最重要的是，他想要创新。他总是在尝试新的音乐模式，他不担心别人不喜欢他的音乐。他说：“如果你的艺术或作品不能取悦所有人，那你就满足一小部分人。取悦大众的并不一定是好的。”巴赫对许多追随他的作曲家都产生了很大的影响。

　　16.【解析】D 细节题。根据文章第一段倒数第二句可知，如今世界各地的管弦乐团都在演奏巴赫的《勃兰登堡协奏曲》，这是公众对巴赫的看法是如何改变的一个例子，选项A（它是人们如何改变对巴赫看法的一个例子）与题干所问不符，故排除。根据文章第一段第五句和第六句可知，巴赫在1721年创作了《勃兰登堡协奏曲》，用来求职，但是他没有得到任何回复，也没有得到他想要的那份工作，选项B（它是巴赫没得到的那份工作的申请的一部分）与题干所问不符，故排除。根据文章第一段第四句可知，一位雇主一开始就拒绝了巴赫最著名的作品之一——《勃兰登堡协奏曲》，选项C（它是巴赫最著名的作品之一）与题干所问不符，故排除。根据文章第一段第二句可知，人们认为巴赫的音乐很难理解，甚至很难演奏，但并没有说《勃兰登堡协奏曲》不可能被演奏和欣赏，选项D（它不能被演奏和欣赏）与原文内容不符，故答案为D。

　　17.【解析】A 推理题。根据文章第二段第一句可知，巴赫的乐曲很复杂。紧接着，文章开始用“两个旋律”的例子来对此进行说明。同时，根据第二段第六句的内容可知，巴赫乐曲的复杂性给乐曲本身增加了无尽的深度。由此可知，巴赫的乐曲既复杂又有深度，故答案为A。选项B（解释了当今人们为什么喜欢他的音乐）、选项C（举例说明了巴赫为什么是一名优秀的音乐教师）和选项D（教读者如何将两首曲子结合起来）均不是该例子所要表达的内容，故排除。

　　18.【解析】B 语义题。根据文章第三段第二句可知，巴赫想要创新。由此可推断出，巴赫总是尝试一些新的音乐模式。因此experimenting with的意思应为“尝试”，故答案为B。选项A（追查，跟踪）、选项C（测量）和选项D（改变）均与experimenting with的意思不符，故排除。

　　19.【解析】B 推理题。根据文章第三段第四句、第五句和第六句可知，巴赫不担心别人不喜欢他的音乐，而且他觉得如果自己的艺术或作品不能取悦所有人，那就满足一小部分人，取悦大众的并不一定是好的。由此可推断出，巴赫不在乎自己是否受欢迎，故答案为B。选项A（他是一位对学生严格的老师）、选项C（是什么启发了他创作曲子）和选项D（为什么艺术家应该取悦大多数人）原文均未提及，故排除。

　　20.【解析】A 主旨题。本文主要讲述了巴赫及其音乐，巴赫对后来的作曲家的影响，以及人们对巴赫及其乐曲的看法和评价，故答案为A。选项B（巴赫的一生以及他是如何创作乐曲的）原文并没有具体说明，故排除。选项C（巴赫是如何教学生的）原文未提及，文章第二段最后一句只是提到巴赫是一位非常有耐心、和蔼的老师，故排除。选项D（为什么人们喜欢巴赫的音乐）原文也未提及，故排除。

　　Passage Three

　　The exhibit "Life in Shadows: Hidden Children and the Holocaust" used to be on display in the early 2000s at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington，D.C. Now a transcript and photos of some of the exhibit's displays can be found on the museum's website as an online exhibition. The exhibition reveals the stories of Jewish children who escaped the Holocaust. The Holocaust refers to the killing of 6 million Jews and others whom the Nazis（纳粹）thought to be inferior. The Nazis killed about 1.5 million Jewish children. Thousands of Jewish children，however，survived by concealing their identities or hiding out in places like cellars and barns.

　　For example，there is a photo of a sweater worn by 8-year-old Krystyna Chiger，who hid in the sewers（下水道）for more than a year. Visitors to the site can also view a photo of a light-blue dress worn by Sabina Kagan when she hid from the Nazi death squads（行刑队）.Also in the exhibition is a photo of tiny "toy soldiers" Jurek Orlowski and his brother fashioned out of wood. The brothers played with the soldiers in a dirty basement because they were afraid to go outside.

　　Leon Chameides of West Hartford，Connecticut，told his story of survival through several photos and an oral account he donated to the museum.

　　When the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in 1941，Leon's father asked a priest to take care of Leon. The priest sent him to a church，where Leon had to pretend to be a Christian. Hechanged his name and learned a new language. "I had to pretend I was someone else，” Leon said in the video. “That was an enormous burden to place on a 7-year-old.”

　　21.The children mentioned in this passage were .

　　A. Christian

　　B. Jewish

　　C. killed during the Holocaust

　　D. honored for their bravery

　　22.The exhibit in the museum tells us about .

　　A. the stories of Jews in the Second World War

　　B. how some of the Jewish children survived the Holocaust

　　C. how some Jewish children were tortured by the Nazis

　　D. the life of the survi