考研英语阅读技巧进阶二：信息搜索范围的扩大

　　通过技巧进阶一的学习，我们已经掌握了准确找出题干关键词的方法，通常就可以锁定原文中的相关解题信息了。

　　但有时，根据题干提炼关键词而定位的句子并不能直接提供答案信息，即定位句并不包含解题信息。此时，我们需要适当扩大搜索范围。

　　本篇将以实例讲解如何适当扩大信息搜索范围，既不浪费宝贵的应试时间，又能准确挖出“隐藏”的解题信息。技巧讲解后附带典型真题案例，供各位考生实操练手。

　　目录

　　一、信息搜索范围的扩大

　　1. 范围扩大的准则

　　2. 关键词的“迁移”

　　3. 解题信息的二次定位

　　二．针对练习4篇

　　1. 针对练习1 + 习题详解

　　2. 针对练习2 + 习题详解

　　3. 针对练习3 + 习题详解

　　4. 针对练习4 + 习题详解

　　一、信息搜索范围的扩大

　　1. 范围扩大的准则

　　搜索范围扩大的准则是“先近后远，关注提示”。

　　具体的意思是，先将搜索范围扩大至前一句或后一句（通常不超出本段）。而最终搜索到什么位置，还要关注定位句中是否有提示词，通常是一些指示代词，如this，that，以及某些人称代词，如it，they等。请看以下例题：

　　…

　　Thankfully, there are signs that this is already happening, with Generation Z seeking to learn from their millennial predecessors, even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degree mindset. Employers have long seen the advantages of hiring school leavers who often prove themselves to be more committed and loyal employees than graduates. Many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement for certain roles.

　　…

　　28. The author considers it a good sign that______.

　　[A] Generation Z are seeking to earn a decent degree

　　[B] school leavers are willing to be skilled workers

　　[C] employers are taking a realistic attitude to degrees

　　[D] parents are changing their minds about education

　　【分析】

　　题干询问作者所提到的好现象（good sign）具体所指的是什么。根据关键词good sign（原文中为Thankfully, … signs）定位至第四段首句。该句指出这种现象是“this is … happening”，而this的具体内容在本句中未完全明确，扩大搜索范围至本段中随后的两句话，第一句话的主语为Employers，第二句主语为Many，根据上下文关系，也是指代employers，可见有关employers的信息应是解题关键。

　　2. 关键词跨段“迁移”

　　在个别情况下，信息搜索的范围需要扩大至上下段。通常，定位句位于段首时，这种跨段搜索往往“迁移”至上一段结尾处；而定位句位于段尾时，跨段搜索会“迁移”至下一段开头。

　　跨段迁移也需注意提示词，如代词（this, that, it…），连接词或短语（Therefore, What’s more, In addition,…）

　　请看例题：

　　…

　　In response to another petition last year about banning fake lawns, which gathered 30,000 signatures, the government responded that it has “no plans to ban the use of artificial grass.”

　　It added: “We prefer to help people and organizations make the right choice rather than legislating on such matters. However, the use of artificial grass must comply with the legal and policy safeguards in place to protect biodiversity and ensure sustainable drainage, while measures such as the strengthened biodiversity duty should serve to encourage public authorities to consider sustainable alternatives.”

　　24. What would the government do with regard to artificial grass?

　　[A] Urge legislation to restrict its use.

　　[B] Take measures to guarantee its quality.

　　[C] Remind its users to obey existing rules.

　　[D] Replace it with sustainable alternatives.

　　【分析】

　　关键词：government和do with，先由government定位至第⑤段结尾，由于第⑥段开头的It也是指government，可知该段也是政府表态的内容，读至第二句，寻找到解题信息“… the use of artificial grass must comply with the legal and policy safeguards …”

　　难度最高的跨段迁移没有明显的指示词，需根据上下文的意义关联确定信息的最终定位，大家在后面的针对练习中可以稍加体会。

　　3. 解题信息的二次定位

　　一般来说，我们确定题干关键词后，就“前往”原文进行定位搜索，有时根据文章中的提示词等，适当扩大阅读范围，即可找到解题信息。

　　也有个别时候，我们会发现定位部分的信息与选项中的任何一项都不相关。这时，可从选项出发，以选项核心信息，二次回到原文，在原来的定位句前后进行搜索。

　　例题如下：

　　…

　　But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?

　　The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.

　　…

　　33. The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate_____.

　　[A] the harm from arbitrary board decision

　　[B] the importance of constitutional guarantees

　　[C] the pressure on women in global corporations

　　[D] the needlessness of government interventions

　　【分析】

　　根据关键词study和Catalyst锁定后一段落末句，该句中的关键信息是“…share if women…increase”（女性比例增加了），与四个选项均不能直接对应。

　　提炼各选项主题词：本段中未涉及[A]和[B]的核心词（分别是board decision“董事会决定”和constitutional guarantee“宪法保障”）；[C]的核心词为pressure（压力）在定位段中也未出现过。

　　由[D]关键信息government interventions回到原文中二次定位至本段内（前一句），该句前半部分与定位句信息重合（number of women… increasing），后半部分中的government在选项中原词再现，interference与interventions为近义词。

　　二、针对练习4套

　　针对练习1：2017考研英语一 Text 1

　　…

　　Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security procedures in return for increased safety. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804, which terrorists may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea, provides another tragic reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans’ economic and private lives, not to mention infuriating.

　　…

　　21. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804 is mentioned to_____.

　　[A] explain Americans’ tolerance of current security checks

　　[B] stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide

　　[C] highlight the necessity of upgrading major U.S. airports

　　[D] emphasize the importance of privacy protection

　　【习题详解】

　　根据专有名词短语Egypt of Air Flight 804确定阅读本段第二句。该句分为三部分：Egypt of Air Flight 804属于该句主语部分；紧随其后、位于两个逗号之间的是插入的定语从句，可略去不看；最后是句子的动宾部分，该部分承载句子主要信息，而信息的核心为“reminder of why”（原因的提示）。什么事情的原因呢？本句未能说明，而疑问代词why之所以能单独出现在该句中，应是与上文有联系，故回溯本段上一句：发现该句主要部分与选项[A]为同义表述，其中tolerate与tolerance为同根词，而security procedures则对应security checks。

　　针对练习2：2022考研英语二 Text 2

　　Because of longer life spans, Americans are also boosting their savings to preserve their nest eggs, the TD Ameritrade study showed, which surveyed 2000 adults between 40 to 79. Six in 10“unretirees”are increasing their savings in anticipation of a longer life. Among the most popular ways they are doing this, the company said is by reducing their overall expenses, securing life insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts.

　　…

　　29. Many “unretirees” are increasing their savings by______.

　　[A] investing more in stocks

　　[B] taking up odd jobs

　　[C] getting well-paid work

　　[D] spending less

　　【习题详解】

　　题干关键词： unretirees，increasing…savings。根据上述关键词，定位至第六段第二句（increasing在原文中的对应词为boosting），而该句只说到不退休的这些人十之有六增加其积蓄，并未说明增加积蓄的途径，向后文扩大阅读范围至本段第三句，该句中by之后的内容“reducing their overall expenses”为本题的解题信息。

　　针对练习3：2022考研英语一 Text 2

　　…

　　Millennials were told that if you did well in school, got a decent degree, you would be set up for life. But that promise has been found wanting. As degrees became universal, they became devalued. Education was no longer a secure route of social mobility. Today, 28 per cent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles, a percentage which is double the average among OECD countries.

　　…

　　27. The percentage of UK graduates in non-graduate roles reflects______.

　　[A] Millennials’ opinions about work

　　[B] the shrinking value of a degree

　　[C] public discontent with education

　　[D] the desired route of social mobility

　　【习题详解】

　　搜索关键词percentage、graduates及数字，定位至第二段末句。当句并不能直接与任一选项对应，只说到百分比double（翻倍）。

　　提炼各选项关键词至原文中二次定位：[A]项关键词opinions，work；[C]项关键词discontent，education；[D]项关键词route of social mobility在文中均没有对应信息。

　　[B] 项关键词degree 为本段第三句中的原词，而shrinking value 可对应该句中的devalued。

　　针对练习4：2019考研英语一 Text 1

　　Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decision-making not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.

　　“Short-termism”, or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.

　　…

　　22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate _____.

　　[A] the conditions for generating quick profits

　　[B] governments’ impatience in decision-making

　　[C] the solid structure of publicly traded companies

　　[D] “short-termism” in economic activities

　　【习题详解】

　　根据人名Alfred Marshall定位至本段第二句，而仅根据定位句信息无法选择出答案。定位句提到Alfred Marshall是被另一位经济学家Andrew Haldane引用的，于是以另一位经济学家的名字Andrew Haldane进行二次定位，锁定本段首句，该句中的short-termism正是这位经济学家要讲的主题，正好可与选项[D]中的核心信息相对应。

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