23年考研英语阅读理解精读100篇（基础版）：经济类（第一天）

　　

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　　Recalculating the global use of phosphorus， an important fertilizer element of modern agriculture. a team of researchers warns that the world's stocks may soon be in short supply and that overuse in the industrialized world has become a leading cause of the pollution of lakes， rivers and streams.

　　Writing in the Feb. 14 edition of the journal Environmental Research Letters， Stephen Carpenter of the University of Wisconsin-Madison and Elena Bennett of McGill University report that the human use of phosphorus， primarily in the industrialized world， is causing the widespread eutrophication of fresh surface water.What's more， them in able global stocks of phosphorus are concentrated in just a few countries and are in decline， posing the risk of global shortages within the next 20 years.“There is a finite amount of phosphorus in the world， ”says Carpenter， one of the world's leading authorities on lakes and streams.“This is a material that's becoming rarer and we need to use it more e ficiently.”

　　Phosphorus is an essential element for life.Living organisms， including humans， have small amounts and the element is crucial for driving the energetic processes of cells.In agriculture， phosphorus mined from ancient marine deposits is widely used to boost crop yields.The element also has other industrial uses.

　　But excess phosphorus from fertilizer that washes from farm fields and suburban lawns into lakes and streams is the primary cause of the algae blooms that destroy freshwater ecosystems and degrade water quality.Phosphorus pollution poses a risk to fish and other water life as well as to the animals and humans who depend on clean freshwater.In some instances， excess phosphorus sparks blooms of toxic algae， which pose a direct threat to human and animal life.

　　“If you have too much phosphorus， you get eutrophication， ”explains Carpenter， of the cycle of excessive plant and algae growth that significantly degrades bodies of freshwater.“Phosphorus stimulates the growth of algae and weeds nearshore and some of the algae can contain cyanobacteria， which are toxic.You lose fish You lose water quality for drinking.”The fertilizer-fueled algae blooms themselves amplify the problem as the algae die and release accumulated phosphorus back into the water.

　　Complicating the problem， says Carpenter， is the fact that excess phosphorus in the environment is a problem primarily in the industrialized world， mainly Europe， NorthAmerica and parts of Asia.In other parts of the world， notably Africa and Australia， soils are phosphorus poor， creating a stark imbalance.Ironically soils in places like North America， where fertilizers with phosphorus are most commonly applied， are already loaded with the element.Bennett and Carpenter argue that agriculture practices to better conserve phosphate within agricultural ecosystems are necessary to avert the widespread pollution of surface waters.Phosphorus from parts of the world where the element is abundant， they say， can be moved to phosphorus deficient regions of the world by extracting phosphorus from manure， for example， using manure digesters.

　　生词汇总

　　phosphorus n.磷

　　degrade v(使) 退化；(使) 降级

　　fertilizer n.肥料

　　toxic adj.有毒的

　　eutrophication n.富营养化

　　cyanobacteria n.蓝细菌

　　concentrate v.集中；专心

　　amplify vt.放大， 扩大

　　eff ciently adv.有效地

　　phosphate n.磷酸盐

　　deposit n.积淀物；存款

　　avert vt.防止， 避免

　　algae n.海藻

　　manure n.肥料

　　题型追加

　　1.We learn from Paragraph l that the pollution of lakes， rivers and streams is mainly caused by_______

　　A) the global use of phosphorus

　　B) short supply of the world's phosphorus stocks

　　C) overuse of phosphorus in the industrialized world

　　D) use of phosphorus in modern agriculture

　　2.The word“eutrophication”(Line 3， Para.2) most probably means_______

　　A) pollution

　　B) excess of nutrients

　　C) increase of algae

　　D) growth of bacteria

　　3.Which of the following is not correct about the use of phosphorus?

　　A) It is used in industry.

　　B) It is used to increase crop yields.

　　C) It is used to drive the energetic processes of cells.

　　D) It is used only in small amounts in living organism.

　　4.What is the result if the algae blooms?

　　A) It will cause the fish and other water life to die.

　　B) It will release accumulated phosphorus into the water.

　　C) It will destroy freshwater ecosystems.

　　D) It will improve water quality.

　　5.According to the last paragraph， we learn that________

　　A) environmental problems exist only in the industrialized countries

　　B) agriculture practices should conserve phosphate within agricultural ecosystems

　　C) phosphorus can be created by using manure digesters

　　D) soils are not short of phosphorus in Africa and Australia

　　篇章剖析

　　本文选自Science Daily， 主要讲述了与磷的使用相关的现状及问题。第一段介绍了世界磷储备的现状以及磷的过度使用所导致的后果；第二段指出一方面人类对磷的不当使用会造成污染，另一方面全球磷矿的储备不均衡，且储量正在减少；第三段介绍磷在不同领域的多种用途；第四段指出过量的磷造成淡水生态系统失衡及其他严重后果；第五段指出磷与藻类和水质等的关系；第六段阐述如何避免地表水域污染的问题以及采用什么方法能将世界上富磷地区的磷转至缺磷地区。

　　全文翻译

　　磷是现代农业化肥的重要成分，重新计算全球磷的使用后，一组研究人员警告说，世界磷储备可能很快会出现短缺，在工业化世界，磷的过度使用是造成湖泊、河流和溪流污染的一个主要原因。

　　威斯康辛大学麦迪逊分校的斯蒂芬·卡彭特和麦吉尔大学的埃琳娜·贝内特在2月14日的《环境研究通讯》杂志上发表报告称：人类对磷的使用(主要是在工业化世界中)正引起淡水表层水域普遍富营养化。而且，全球的可采磷矿集中于少数几个国家，且储量正在减少，未来20年内会造成全球供应短缺的风险。卡彭特是世界上杰出的研究湖泊和溪流的权威之一他说：“世上磷的数量有限，是一种越来越稀缺的物质，我们必须更有效地利用它。”

　　磷是生命必不可少的一种元素。包括人在内的生物有机体都含有少量磷，这种元素是促进细胞活动的关键。在农业方面，从远古海洋积淀物中开采出来的磷被广泛用于提高农作物产量。这种元素还有其他工业用途。

　　然而，化肥中过量的磷从农田和郊区草坪流入湖泊和溪流，这是引起藻类疯长的主要原因，藻类疯长造成淡水生态系统失衡，水质下降。磷污染对鱼类、其他水生生物以及依赖清洁淡水的动物和人类构成威胁。在某些情况下，过量的磷还会引起毒藻泛滥，直接威胁人类和动物的生命。

　　在解释过多的植物和藻类生长使淡水水体严重退化的(不良)循环时，卡彭特说：“如果磷太多，就会导致富营养化。磷刺激沿岸藻类和水草生长，有些藻类还可能含有毒蓝细菌。鱼类和饮用水水质因此都会遭到破坏。”化肥促生的藻类疯长使这一问题更加严重，因为藻类死亡后，释放到水中的磷越积越多。

　　卡彭特说，在工业化国家，主要是欧洲、北美和部分亚洲国家中，环境中磷超标是一个主要问题。而在世界其他地方，特别是非洲和澳大利亚，土壤则缺磷，造成明显的不均衡。这使问题更加复杂化了。具有讽刺意味的是，像北美这些使用含磷化肥十分普遍的地方的土壤原本就含有丰富的磷元素。贝内特和卡彭特认为，为避免表层水域污染扩散，在农业生态系统内开展有利于更好保护磷资源的生产活动非常必要。他们说，用诸如肥料蒸馏器等提取设备从天然肥料中提取磷，世界上富磷地区的磷就能被转移至缺磷地区。

　　解答

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